feat: BLA iteration-skipping for deep-zoom Mandelbrot

.gitignore

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 /target
 Cargo.lock
 dist
-frames*
-out.mp4
-

CLAUDE.md

@@ -1,216 +0,0 @@
-# CLAUDE.md
-
-This file provides guidance to Claude Code (claude.ai/code) when working with code in this repository.
-
-## What this is
-
-A deep-zoom fractal explorer (Rust + wgpu + egui + WGSL). It zooms past the
-~10¹³× limit of plain `f64` using **perturbation theory**: one high-precision
-reference orbit is computed on the CPU (arbitrary precision via `dashu-float`),
-and every pixel is rendered on the GPU as a cheap `f32` delta from it, with
-rebasing to avoid glitches. The `f32` GPU tier reaches roughly 10³⁰×. Runs
-natively (Vulkan/Metal/DX12) and in the browser (WebGPU only — WebGL2 can't do
-storage buffers, which the fragment shader needs for the reference orbit).
-
-## Commands
-
-```sh
-cargo run --release          # native, run (release matters: fractal math is hot)
-cargo test                   # reference-orbit math, share-link round-trip, WGSL validation
-cargo test --test shader_valid   # just the WGSL parse/validate tests (naga, no GPU needed)
-cargo clippy
-cargo fmt                    # rustfmt.toml just pins edition = "2024"
-```
-
-Web build (WebGPU):
-
-```sh
-rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
-cargo install wasm-bindgen-cli --version 0.2.128   # must match the wasm-bindgen crate version
-./build-web.sh                                     # -> ./dist
-python3 -m http.server -d dist 8080
-```
-
-Native CLI flags (`src/cli.rs`, applied in `FractalApp::apply_cli`): `--kind`,
-`--power`, `--julia re,im`, `--phoenix-p re,im`, `--lambda-l re,im`,
-`--palette`, `--share <fragment>`,
-`--view re,im,half_height[,iterations]`, `--de`, `--buddhabrot`,
-`--buddha-palette`. `--headless` (`src/headless.rs`) skips the window
-entirely: it builds the same view from the other flags, creates its own
-offscreen wgpu device, and renders straight to a PNG (`--width`/`--height`,
-default 1920×1080, `--export-path out.png`) without needing a GPU-backed
-window/event loop. Not yet supported with `--buddhabrot`. Run
-`mandelbrot --help` for the full list.
-
-`--headless` also has an animation mode, for feeding into `ffmpeg`: add
-`--to-view re,im,half_height[,iterations]` (or `--to-share <fragment>`, which
-only pulls position/zoom/iterations out of the link) alongside a start view
-(`--view`/`--share`/`--kind`/`--julia`), plus `--frames N` or
-`--fps`/`--duration`. `--export-path` then names an output *directory* of
-`frame-00001.png`, `frame-00002.png`, ... instead of a single file. Only the
-camera (center + half-height) is animated — kind, colors, and per-kind
-constants stay fixed at whatever the start flags set. `view::interpolate_view`
-does the interpolation: half-height geometrically (log-linear, since zoom
-spans many decades), center linearly through the complex plane at full
-`Big` precision; `--linear` swaps the default smoothstep easing for constant
-pacing. Iteration count auto-scales with zoom depth per frame (same
-`auto_iteration_count` the interactive app uses while zooming), overriding
-any iteration count from `--view`/`--share`/`--to-view`/`--to-share`.
-
-There's no GPU in most sandboxes: `cargo check`/`cargo test --test shader_valid`
-are the fast, headless way to validate a change. `cargo test` also runs but
-doesn't touch the GPU — the reference-orbit tests are pure CPU math (see
-below), and `shader_valid` parses/validates WGSL with `naga` statically instead
-of creating a pipeline.
-
-## Architecture
-
-### The perturbation pipeline (the core mechanism, spans several files)
-
-For a pixel at parameter `c = C_ref + dc`, its orbit is written as
-`y_n = X_n + e_n`, where `X_n` is the (shared, high-precision) reference orbit
-and `e_n` is a small `f32` delta. Whenever `|y_n| < |e_n|` (or the reference
-runs out), rebase: `e ← y_n − X_0`, restart the reference index at 0. This is
-what makes deep zoom cheap — one expensive high-precision orbit, then every
-pixel is a handful of `f32` complex multiplies.
-
-- `src/view.rs` — `ViewState`; center is arbitrary-precision `FBig` (`Big`
-  type alias), pixel scale stays `f64` (still in-range at 10³⁰×). Precision
-  (bits) scales with zoom depth (`precision_for`).
-- `src/fractal/kind.rs` — the `FractalKind` enum (Mandelbrot, Burning Ship,
-  Tricorn, Multibrot, Celtic, Perpendicular, Buffalo, Phoenix, Lambda,
-  Complex Multibrot) plus everything that only needs to switch on it:
-  `label`/`description`/`formula` (UI text), `share_tag`/`from_share_tag`
-  (share-link encoding), `default_set_view` (per-kind starting view), and the
-  `ALL` array used to enumerate every kind.
-- `src/fractal/reference.rs` — `compute_reference`/`compute_set_reference`:
-  iterate the chosen formula at high precision on the CPU, emitting `Z_n` as
-  `f32` pairs — that's the reference orbit the GPU perturbs from. At
-  precision ≤ `F64_MAX_PRECISION` (80 bits, i.e. shallow views) it takes a
-  plain-`f64` fast path (`compute_reference_f64`), so each kind's formula
-  exists twice in this file (f64 + `FBig`) and both must stay in sync;
-  `f64_fast_path_matches_big` checks they agree. Requests are made with 1.5×
-  iteration headroom (`reference_iterations` in `app.rs`), so auto-iterations
-  creeping up during a zoom doesn't recompute the orbit every frame.
-- `src/shaders/*.wgsl` — none of these are standalone WGSL modules; WGSL has
-  no `#include`, so each is compiled by concatenating plain-text fragments
-  with `concat!`/`include_str!` at the `create_shader_module` call site (see
-  `renderer.rs`, `buddhabrot.rs`, and `tests/shader_valid.rs`, which must
-  concatenate the same pieces to validate what actually gets built).
-  `common.wgsl` (fullscreen-triangle vertex helper, `cmul`/`cpow`, `KIND_*`
-  constants) is prepended to every shader. `iterate_uniforms.wgsl` (the
-  perturbation-pipeline `Uniforms` struct + `palette()`) is additionally
-  prepended to `mandelbrot.wgsl` and `colorize.wgsl`, which share that layout.
-  Because there's no namespacing, a definition must live in exactly one file
-  among those concatenated together for a given shader — don't redefine a
-  `common.wgsl`/`iterate_uniforms.wgsl` symbol locally.
-- `src/shaders/mandelbrot.wgsl` — the perturbation fragment shader. It is
-  **specialized per pipeline** through WGSL `override` constants (`KIND`,
-  `IS_JULIA`, `DE`), so the per-iteration kind/Julia/DE branches fold away at
-  pipeline creation. Read those constants in the shader, never `u.kind` /
-  `u.is_julia` / `u.de_coloring` (they're still uploaded for layout reasons).
-  `renderer.rs` builds one pipeline set per `PipelineKey` lazily on first
-  use, and `tests/shader_valid.rs` compiles every kind × Julia × DE variant to
-  SPIR-V. So a new kind needs no pipeline-list change, only its `KIND_*`
-  constant. `buddhabrot.wgsl` does the same with its own `override KIND`.
-  Interior pixels exit early through **periodicity detection**. It uses
-  Brent-style checkpoints plus two guards: the cycle's multiplier must be
-  clearly attracting (`PERIOD_MAX_MULT2`), and the contracting return must
-  repeat in `PERIOD_CONFIRMATIONS` consecutive windows. Both guards are
-  needed: without them, exterior pixels at cusps and minibrot edges turned
-  black. Retune them only against f64 ground truth on such views. Phoenix is
-  excluded (two-term map).
-  `advance_delta(z, e)` is the per-kind delta step (`z` = reference point,
-  `e` = current delta); the caller adds `step_add` (= `dc`) afterward — this
-  relies on `c` being additive in every current kind's formula (a kind where
-  it isn't, e.g. a rational map with `c` in a denominator, would need its own
-  step function that consumes `dc` internally instead, plus extra per-step
-  reference data since the orbit point alone wouldn't be enough to recover an
-  exact delta). `fprime(z)` is the derivative used for distance-estimation
-  (DE) shading; exact for holomorphic kinds, an approximation (`~2Z`) for the
-  abs-based ones. A `KIND_*` constant (from `common.wgsl`) must match the
-  matching `FractalKind` variant's discriminant exactly.
-- `src/fractal/renderer.rs` — `FractalRenderer` (wgpu pipelines, uniform +
-  storage buffers, bind groups), `Uniforms` (repr(C) layout that must match
-  the WGSL `Uniforms` struct field-for-field, including padding; it includes
-  CPU-precomputed data: `cm_coef`, the Complex Multibrot binomial
-  coefficients from `app.rs::complex_binomials`, and `light_count` for the
-  packed `GpuLight` buffer from `lights.rs::gpu_lights`), and
-  `FractalCallback` (the `egui_wgpu::CallbackTrait` impl: `prepare()` uploads
-  changed buffers and decides whether to re-run the iterate pass, the cheap
-  colourise pass, or just blit the cached texture). Also `ExportRender`, a
-  self-contained tiled renderer used for PNG export off the UI thread.
-- `src/worker.rs` — native background thread for reference-orbit computation
-  (coalesces bursts of requests so a fast drag doesn't compute every
-  intermediate view). The wasm32 build computes inline instead (see the
-  `#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]` branch in `app.rs::ensure_reference`) —
-  **any signature change to `compute_reference`/`compute_set_reference` or
-  `RefRequest`/`RefResult` must be applied to both call sites.**
-- `src/app.rs` — `FractalApp` (the egui app + all UI). Key methods:
-  `should_request`/`ensure_reference` (decide when the reference is stale and
-  dispatch/collect it), `make_uniforms` (assemble the per-frame `Uniforms`),
-  `tick_animations` (drives the "morph c/p/λ" and auto-zoom animations),
-  `default_view_for` (wraps `FractalKind::default_set_view`, adding the
-  kind-independent Julia case). `JULIA_PRESETS` and `SET_PRESETS` are sized as
-  `[T; FractalKind::<last variant> as usize + 1]` — adding a new `FractalKind`
-  means bumping both (and adding an empty `&[]` slot to each if the kind has
-  none), plus adding it to `FractalKind::ALL` in `kind.rs`.
-- `src/fractal/share.rs` — `ShareState`: encodes the full view (mode, kind,
-  full-precision decimal center, zoom, iterations, per-kind constants,
-  coloring) as a `#`-fragment URL for bookmarking/sharing deep-zoom locations.
-
-### Adding a new `FractalKind`
-
-Touches, in order: `kind.rs` (enum variant + `ALL` slot + `label`/
-`description`/`formula`/`share_tag`/`from_share_tag`/`default_set_view`
-arms), `reference.rs` (CPU iteration formula arm, and a test comparing
-against a naive `f64` iteration), `common.wgsl` (matching `KIND_*` const),
-`mandelbrot.wgsl` (matching `advance_delta`/`fprime` arms), `buddhabrot.wgsl`
-(matching arm in `advance()`, if the kind makes sense as a Buddhabrot),
-`renderer.rs` `Uniforms` (only if the kind needs a new per-kind constant,
-e.g. Phoenix's `phoenix_p`), `app.rs` (`JULIA_PRESETS`/`SET_PRESETS` slot,
-and optionally a UI control for its constant + an animation toggle,
-following the Phoenix/Lambda pattern). If `c` doesn't enter the formula
-additively (e.g. a rational map with `c` in a denominator), the
-`advance_delta`/`step_add` split doesn't work — that needs its own step
-function plus extra per-step reference data uploaded in a second GPU buffer
-alongside the orbit.
-
-### Buddhabrot is a separate pipeline
-
-`src/fractal/buddhabrot.rs` + `src/shaders/buddhabrot.wgsl` implement the
-Monte-Carlo orbit-density histogram. It does **not** use the perturbation/
-reference-orbit machinery: a Buddhabrot sample's orbit scatters across the
-whole image rather than staying in one pixel, so it's plain `f32` iteration
-from the live view (no deep zoom) via a compute pass that accumulates into a
-histogram buffer, tone-mapped by a fragment pass every frame. Its own
-`KIND_*` iteration formulas in `advance()` must be kept in sync with
-`reference.rs` by hand (there's no shared code path).
-
-### Two-pass render + caching (`renderer.rs`)
-
-The interactive path splits iteration (expensive, perturbation) from
-colourising (cheap, palette remap) into separate offscreen textures, so
-palette/color-scale/offset tweaks skip re-iteration entirely (`geom_differs`
-vs `color_differs` in `renderer.rs` decide which pass reruns). A frame where
-neither differs uploads and renders nothing and only blits. So any new
-uniform field must go into one of those two functions (or the lights
-comparison), or changing it won't redraw.
-
-AA is **adaptive** on the interactive path. `fs_data` always iterates 1
-sample per pixel. When AA is on, `fs_refine` reads that texture and runs the
-2×2 grid only on pixels whose 4-neighbours differ (interior/exterior edge, or
-`ci`/DE beyond `AA_CI_EPS`/`AA_DE_EPS`), copying the rest. Colourise then
-reads the refined texture. PNG export (`fs_color`) still supersamples every
-pixel.
-
-The 3D view (`colorize.wgsl::ray_marching`) sphere-traces the DE height
-field straight from the data texture. It's cheap: rays start on the z = 0
-plane, and most hit within a few steps (about 4 on average). A min-height
-mip pyramid (quadtree height-field tracing) was tried and measured about 3×
-slower, because it needs about 12 costlier steps per ray. Don't reintroduce it.
-Orbiting the camera only re-runs the colourise pass, never iteration.
-
-While the user is actively panning/zooming, the app renders downscaled with
-AA off (`INTERACT_DOWNSCALE`) and snaps back to full resolution once input
-settles (`INTERACT_SETTLE`).

Cargo.toml

@@ -8,17 +8,14 @@ bytemuck = { version = "1.25.2", features = ["derive"] }
 dashu-float = "0.6.0"
 eframe = { version = "0.36.2", default-features = false, features = ["wgpu", "default_fonts", "x11", "wayland", "accesskit"] }
 egui = "0.36.2"
-glam = "0.33.8"
+futures-channel = { version = "0.3.34", default-features = false, features = ["alloc", "std"] }
 log = "0.4.34"
 png = "0.18.1"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 env_logger = "0.11.11"
-clap = { version = "4.5.51", features = ["derive"] }
-pollster = "1.0.1"
 
 [target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
-futures-channel = { version = "0.3.34", default-features = false, features = ["alloc", "std"] }
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1.7"
 console_log = "1.1.0"
 js-sys = "0.3.105"
@@ -29,8 +26,6 @@ web-sys = { version = "0.3.105", features = ["Window", "Location", "Url", "UrlSe
 # Release: optimize hard (fractal math is hot).
 [profile.release]
 opt-level = 3
-# codegen-units = 1
-debug = true
 
 # Dev: keep our own crate debuggable, but optimize dependencies (dashu, wgpu,
 # egui) so the explorer is actually interactive during development.
@@ -41,4 +36,4 @@ opt-level = 1
 opt-level = 3
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-naga = { version = "30", features = ["wgsl-in", "spv-out"] }
+naga = { version = "30", features = ["wgsl-in"] }

build-web.sh

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ wasm-bindgen \
     target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/mandelbrot.wasm
 
 cp index.html "$OUT/index.html"
-cp favicon.ico "$OUT/favicon.ico"
 
 echo "==> done: $OUT/ (index.html, mandelbrot.js, mandelbrot_bg.wasm)"
 echo "    serve:  python3 -m http.server -d $OUT 8080"

src/camera.rs

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-use std::f32::consts::{PI, TAU};
-
-use glam::Vec3;
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone)]
-pub struct Camera {
-    pub position: glam::Vec3,
-
-    pub yaw: f32,
-    pub pitch: f32,
-
-    pub aspect_ratio: f32,
-    z_near: f32,
-    z_far: f32,
-}
-
-impl Camera {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            position: Vec3::new(0., 0., -1.),
-            yaw: 0. * PI / 180.,
-            pitch: -30. * PI / 180.,
-            aspect_ratio: 1.,
-            z_near: 0.1,
-            z_far: 100.,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_aspect_ratio(&mut self, aspect_ratio: f32) {
-        self.aspect_ratio = aspect_ratio;
-    }
-
-    /// Adjust yaw/pitch by the given deltas (radians). Pitch is clamped just
-    /// short of straight up/down to avoid the view flipping past the pole.
-    /// Yaw is wrapped to [-π, π) so the 2D <-> 3D transition (which scales
-    /// yaw by `t`) always unwinds the short way instead of every past turn.
-    pub fn rotate(&mut self, dyaw: f32, dpitch: f32) {
-        const PITCH_LIMIT: f32 = PI / 2.0 - 0.01;
-        self.yaw = (self.yaw + dyaw + PI).rem_euclid(TAU) - PI;
-        self.pitch = (self.pitch + dpitch).clamp(-PITCH_LIMIT, PITCH_LIMIT);
-    }
-
-    pub fn orthographic(&self, t: f32) -> glam::Mat4 {
-        let yaw = self.yaw * t;
-        let pitch = self.pitch * t;
-
-        let zoom = 0.5 * (1. + t);
-        // Orbit pivot: the center of the fractal texture, which the raymarcher's
-        // `sdf` lays out over world x ∈ [0, aspect], y ∈ [0, 1] on the z = 0 plane.
-        let view = glam::Mat4::from_translation(Vec3::new(0.5 * self.aspect_ratio, 0.5, 0.))
-            * glam::Mat4::from_rotation_z(-yaw)
-            * glam::Mat4::from_rotation_x(-pitch)
-            * glam::Mat4::from_translation(self.position);
-
-        glam::camera::lh::proj::directx::orthographic(
-            -self.aspect_ratio / 4. / zoom,
-            self.aspect_ratio / 4. / zoom,
-            -0.25 / zoom,
-            0.25 / zoom,
-            self.z_near,
-            self.z_far,
-        ) * view.inverse()
-    }
-
-    pub fn direction(&self, t: f32) -> glam::Vec3 {
-        let yaw = self.yaw * t;
-        let pitch = self.pitch * t;
-
-        let forward =
-            glam::Mat3::from_rotation_z(-yaw) * glam::Mat3::from_rotation_x(-pitch) * glam::Vec3::Z;
-
-        forward.normalize()
-    }
-}

src/cli.rs

@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-// Native command-line arguments. Currently mirrors the old `MANDEL_*` debug
-// env vars one-for-one; this is the foundation a future headless (no-window,
-// render-to-file) mode will build on.
-
-use clap::{Parser, ValueEnum};
-
-use crate::fractal::FractalKind;
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug, Default)]
-#[command(name = "mandelbrot", about = "Deep-zoom fractal explorer", version)]
-pub struct Cli {
-    /// Fractal formula to render.
-    #[arg(long, value_enum)]
-    pub kind: Option<KindArg>,
-
-    /// Start in Julia mode with this seed constant.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "RE,IM")]
-    pub julia: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Switch to the Buddhabrot renderer.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub buddhabrot: bool,
-
-    /// Rendering mode to use.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub rendering_kind: Option<RenderingKindArg>,
-
-    /// Exponent for the Multibrot kind (z -> z^power + c), clamped to [2, 8].
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub power: Option<u32>,
-
-    /// Complex exponent for the Complex Multibrot kind (z -> z^power + c).
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "RE,IM")]
-    pub complex_power: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Phoenix constant p for the Phoenix kind (z -> z^2 + c + p*z_prev).
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "RE,IM")]
-    pub phoenix_p: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Lambda constant λ for the Lambda kind (z -> λ*z*(1 - z)).
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "RE,IM")]
-    pub lambda_l: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Restore a view from a share-link fragment (the part after '#').
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "FRAGMENT")]
-    pub share: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Jump to a view on startup.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "RE,IM,HALF_HEIGHT[,ITERATIONS]")]
-    pub view: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Jump to a specific position on startup.
-    #[arg(long, short('p'), value_name = "RE,IM")]
-    pub position: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Set a maximum iterations count on startup.
-    #[arg(long, short('i'))]
-    pub iterations: Option<u32>,
-
-    /// Set the zoom level on startup.
-    #[arg(long("zoom"), short('z'))]
-    pub half_height: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Enable distance-estimation shading.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub de: bool,
-
-    /// Coloring palette index.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "INDEX")]
-    pub palette: Option<u32>,
-
-    /// Output path for --headless (default: fractal-<timestamp>.png). When
-    /// animating (--to-view/--to-share), this is a directory of
-    /// frame-00001.png, frame-00002.png, ... instead (default:
-    /// frames-<timestamp>/).
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "PATH")]
-    pub export_path: Option<String>,
-
-    /// End view for an animation: "re,im,half_height[,iterations]", the same
-    /// syntax as --view. Combine with --view (or --share, --kind, --julia...)
-    /// for the start view; headless then renders a sequence of frames
-    /// interpolating the camera from start to end instead of a single PNG.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "RE,IM,HALF_HEIGHT[,ITERATIONS]")]
-    pub to_view: Option<String>,
-
-    /// End view for an animation, as a share-link fragment (only the
-    /// position/zoom/iterations are used; alternative to --to-view for
-    /// pasting a location copied from the app's "Copy share link").
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "FRAGMENT")]
-    pub to_share: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Set a maximum iterations count at animation end.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub to_iterations: Option<u32>,
-
-    /// Number of frames to render for an animation. Alternative to --fps +
-    /// --duration.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "N")]
-    pub frames: Option<u32>,
-
-    /// Frames per second, used with --duration to compute the frame count
-    /// (ignored if --frames is given). Also used in the ffmpeg command
-    /// hint printed after rendering.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "N", default_value_t = 30.0)]
-    pub fps: f64,
-
-    /// Animation duration in seconds, used with --fps to compute the frame
-    /// count (ignored if --frames is given).
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "SECONDS")]
-    pub duration: Option<f64>,
-
-    /// Pace animation frames linearly instead of easing in/out (smoothstep).
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub linear: bool,
-
-    /// Run without opening a window: render the current view to a PNG and
-    /// exit. Combine with --kind/--julia/--share/--view etc. to pick what to
-    /// render, or --to-view/--to-share to render an animation instead of a
-    /// single frame. Not yet supported with --buddhabrot.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub headless: bool,
-
-    /// Output image width in pixels (--headless only).
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "PX", default_value_t = 1920)]
-    pub width: u32,
-
-    /// Output image height in pixels (--headless only).
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "PX", default_value_t = 1080)]
-    pub height: u32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, ValueEnum)]
-pub enum KindArg {
-    Mandelbrot,
-    #[value(alias = "ship")]
-    BurningShip,
-    #[value(alias = "mandelbar")]
-    Tricorn,
-    #[value(alias = "multi")]
-    Multibrot,
-    Celtic,
-    #[value(alias = "perp")]
-    Perpendicular,
-    Buffalo,
-    Phoenix,
-    Lambda,
-    #[value(alias = "cmulti")]
-    ComplexMultibrot,
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, ValueEnum)]
-pub enum RenderingKindArg {
-    Classic,
-    Shadow,
-    #[value(alias = "3d")]
-    Dimension3,
-}
-
-impl From<KindArg> for FractalKind {
-    fn from(k: KindArg) -> Self {
-        match k {
-            KindArg::Mandelbrot => FractalKind::Mandelbrot,
-            KindArg::BurningShip => FractalKind::BurningShip,
-            KindArg::Tricorn => FractalKind::Tricorn,
-            KindArg::Multibrot => FractalKind::Multibrot,
-            KindArg::Celtic => FractalKind::Celtic,
-            KindArg::Perpendicular => FractalKind::Perpendicular,
-            KindArg::Buffalo => FractalKind::Buffalo,
-            KindArg::Phoenix => FractalKind::Phoenix,
-            KindArg::Lambda => FractalKind::Lambda,
-            KindArg::ComplexMultibrot => FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot,
-        }
-    }
-}

src/fractal/buddhabrot.rs

@@ -1,412 +0,0 @@
-//! Buddhabrot / Nebulabrot rendering: a Monte-Carlo orbit-density histogram,
-//! accumulated progressively across frames by a compute pass and tone-mapped
-//! to colour by a fragment pass. See `shaders/buddhabrot.wgsl` for the "why"
-//! this is a separate pipeline from the escape-time perturbation renderer.
-
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-use eframe::egui_wgpu::{self, wgpu};
-
-/// Random samples dispatched per accumulating frame. Chosen so a frame stays
-/// interactive on a modest GPU even when most samples run the full `b_cap`
-/// (e.g. the view sits entirely inside the set, so nothing escapes).
-const SAMPLES_PER_DISPATCH: u32 = 150_000;
-const WORKGROUP_SIZE: u32 = 64;
-
-/// GPU-side parameters for both the accumulate (compute) and tonemap
-/// (fragment) passes. Layout must match `Uniforms` in `buddhabrot.wgsl`.
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
-pub struct BuddhabrotUniforms {
-    pub center: [f32; 2],
-    pub half_height: f32,
-    pub aspect: f32,
-    pub phoenix_p: [f32; 2],
-    pub lambda_l: [f32; 2],
-    pub bailout_sq: f32,
-    /// Iteration formula (`FractalKind::shader_id`); `KIND_LAMBDA` samples z0
-    /// instead of c (see the shader's doc comment).
-    pub kind: u32,
-    /// Exponent for the Multibrot kind.
-    pub power: u32,
-    /// Nested escape-iteration caps (r_cap <= g_cap <= b_cap) that bucket an
-    /// orbit's points into the R/G/B histogram planes.
-    pub r_cap: u32,
-    pub g_cap: u32,
-    pub b_cap: u32,
-    /// RNG nonce, bumped every dispatch so each frame samples fresh points.
-    pub seed: u32,
-    pub samples_this_dispatch: u32,
-    /// Tonemap brightness multiplier (user-controlled).
-    pub exposure: f32,
-    pub width: u32,
-    pub height: u32,
-    /// Running total of samples accumulated into the current histogram
-    /// (across all dispatches since the last reset); normalizes brightness.
-    pub total_samples: f32,
-    /// Tonemap colour style: 0 = classic (R/G/B = raw caps), 1 = nebula
-    /// (yellow core, blue halo), 2 = grayscale. Display-only, like `exposure`
-    /// — excluded from `ContentKey` so changing it doesn't reset accumulation.
-    pub palette: u32,
-    /// Padding so `complex_power` (a vec2, 8-byte aligned in the shader)
-    /// starts on an 8-byte boundary.
-    pub _pad0: u32,
-    /// Complex exponent for the Complex Multibrot kind; ignored by other kinds.
-    pub complex_power: [f32; 2],
-}
-
-/// The subset of `BuddhabrotUniforms` that determines the *content* of the
-/// histogram (as opposed to `exposure`, a display-only rescale). A change in
-/// any of these invalidates the accumulated histogram.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-struct ContentKey {
-    center: [f32; 2],
-    half_height: f32,
-    aspect: f32,
-    phoenix_p: [f32; 2],
-    lambda_l: [f32; 2],
-    bailout_sq: f32,
-    kind: u32,
-    power: u32,
-    complex_power: [f32; 2],
-    r_cap: u32,
-    g_cap: u32,
-    b_cap: u32,
-}
-
-impl From<&BuddhabrotUniforms> for ContentKey {
-    fn from(u: &BuddhabrotUniforms) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            center: u.center,
-            half_height: u.half_height,
-            aspect: u.aspect,
-            phoenix_p: u.phoenix_p,
-            lambda_l: u.lambda_l,
-            bailout_sq: u.bailout_sq,
-            kind: u.kind,
-            power: u.power,
-            complex_power: u.complex_power,
-            r_cap: u.r_cap,
-            g_cap: u.g_cap,
-            b_cap: u.b_cap,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The histogram buffer and its two bind groups, sized to the widget.
-struct Histogram {
-    buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
-    compute_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
-    tonemap_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
-    width: u32,
-    height: u32,
-}
-
-pub struct BuddhabrotRenderer {
-    shader: wgpu::ShaderModule,
-    compute_pipeline_layout: wgpu::PipelineLayout,
-    /// Accumulation pipelines, specialized per fractal kind (the shader's
-    /// `override KIND`, so `advance()` has no per-step kind branches) and
-    /// built lazily on first use.
-    compute_pipelines: HashMap<u32, wgpu::ComputePipeline>,
-    compute_bind_group_layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
-    tonemap_pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
-    tonemap_bind_group_layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
-    uniform_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
-    histogram: Option<Histogram>,
-    /// What the current histogram's content was last accumulated for; a
-    /// mismatch clears the histogram and restarts accumulation.
-    last_content: Option<ContentKey>,
-    /// Running sample count since the last reset (mirrors what was written
-    /// into `total_samples`, since the callback doesn't own that state).
-    total_samples: f32,
-    seed: u32,
-}
-
-impl BuddhabrotRenderer {
-    pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, target_format: wgpu::TextureFormat) -> Self {
-        let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
-            label: Some("buddhabrot"),
-            source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(
-                concat!(
-                    include_str!("../shaders/common.wgsl"),
-                    include_str!("../shaders/buddhabrot.wgsl"),
-                )
-                .into(),
-            ),
-        });
-
-        let uniform_buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
-            label: Some("buddhabrot uniforms"),
-            size: std::mem::size_of::<BuddhabrotUniforms>() as u64,
-            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-            mapped_at_creation: false,
-        });
-
-        let compute_bind_group_layout =
-            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
-                label: Some("buddhabrot compute bind group layout"),
-                entries: &[
-                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                        binding: 0,
-                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
-                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
-                            ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
-                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                            min_binding_size: None,
-                        },
-                        count: None,
-                    },
-                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                        binding: 1,
-                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
-                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
-                            ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: false },
-                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                            min_binding_size: None,
-                        },
-                        count: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-            });
-        let compute_pipeline_layout =
-            device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
-                label: Some("buddhabrot compute pipeline layout"),
-                bind_group_layouts: &[Some(&compute_bind_group_layout)],
-                immediate_size: 0,
-            });
-
-        let tonemap_bind_group_layout =
-            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
-                label: Some("buddhabrot tonemap bind group layout"),
-                entries: &[
-                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                        binding: 0,
-                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
-                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
-                            ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
-                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                            min_binding_size: None,
-                        },
-                        count: None,
-                    },
-                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                        binding: 2,
-                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
-                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
-                            ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
-                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                            min_binding_size: None,
-                        },
-                        count: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-            });
-        let tonemap_pipeline_layout =
-            device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
-                label: Some("buddhabrot tonemap pipeline layout"),
-                bind_group_layouts: &[Some(&tonemap_bind_group_layout)],
-                immediate_size: 0,
-            });
-        let tonemap_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
-            label: Some("buddhabrot tonemap pipeline"),
-            layout: Some(&tonemap_pipeline_layout),
-            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
-                module: &shader,
-                entry_point: Some("vs_main"),
-                buffers: &[],
-                compilation_options: Default::default(),
-            },
-            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
-                module: &shader,
-                entry_point: Some("fs_tonemap"),
-                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
-                    format: target_format,
-                    blend: None,
-                    write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
-                })],
-                compilation_options: Default::default(),
-            }),
-            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState::default(),
-            depth_stencil: None,
-            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
-            multiview_mask: None,
-            cache: None,
-        });
-
-        Self {
-            shader,
-            compute_pipeline_layout,
-            compute_pipelines: HashMap::new(),
-            compute_bind_group_layout,
-            tonemap_pipeline,
-            tonemap_bind_group_layout,
-            uniform_buffer,
-            histogram: None,
-            last_content: None,
-            total_samples: 0.0,
-            seed: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// The accumulation pipeline for `kind`, built on first use.
-    fn compute_pipeline(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, kind: u32) -> &wgpu::ComputePipeline {
-        self.compute_pipelines.entry(kind).or_insert_with(|| {
-            device.create_compute_pipeline(&wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor {
-                label: Some("buddhabrot compute pipeline"),
-                layout: Some(&self.compute_pipeline_layout),
-                module: &self.shader,
-                entry_point: Some("cs_main"),
-                compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions {
-                    constants: &[("KIND", kind as f64)],
-                    ..Default::default()
-                },
-                cache: None,
-            })
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Ensure the histogram buffer exists at `width`×`height`, recreating (and
-    /// resetting accumulation) on a size change.
-    fn ensure_histogram(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, width: u32, height: u32) {
-        if let Some(h) = &self.histogram
-            && h.width == width
-            && h.height == height
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let plane = (width as u64) * (height as u64);
-        let buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
-            label: Some("buddhabrot histogram"),
-            size: plane * 3 * std::mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64,
-            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-            mapped_at_creation: false,
-        });
-
-        let compute_bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
-            label: Some("buddhabrot compute bind group"),
-            layout: &self.compute_bind_group_layout,
-            entries: &[
-                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                    binding: 0,
-                    resource: self.uniform_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
-                },
-                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                    binding: 1,
-                    resource: buffer.as_entire_binding(),
-                },
-            ],
-        });
-        let tonemap_bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
-            label: Some("buddhabrot tonemap bind group"),
-            layout: &self.tonemap_bind_group_layout,
-            entries: &[
-                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                    binding: 0,
-                    resource: self.uniform_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
-                },
-                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                    binding: 2,
-                    resource: buffer.as_entire_binding(),
-                },
-            ],
-        });
-
-        self.histogram = Some(Histogram {
-            buffer,
-            compute_bind_group,
-            tonemap_bind_group,
-            width,
-            height,
-        });
-        // New (zero-initialized) buffer: accumulation starts fresh.
-        self.last_content = None;
-        self.total_samples = 0.0;
-    }
-}
-
-/// Per-frame paint callback. `accumulate` controls whether a new batch of
-/// samples is dispatched this frame (a content change always forces one
-/// dispatch regardless, so a parameter/view change is never left blank).
-pub struct BuddhabrotCallback {
-    pub uniforms: BuddhabrotUniforms,
-    pub accumulate: bool,
-    /// Widget size in physical pixels — the histogram resolution.
-    pub size_px: [u32; 2],
-}
-
-impl egui_wgpu::CallbackTrait for BuddhabrotCallback {
-    fn prepare(
-        &self,
-        device: &wgpu::Device,
-        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
-        _screen_descriptor: &egui_wgpu::ScreenDescriptor,
-        egui_encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
-        resources: &mut egui_wgpu::CallbackResources,
-    ) -> Vec<wgpu::CommandBuffer> {
-        let Some(renderer) = resources.get_mut::<BuddhabrotRenderer>() else {
-            return Vec::new();
-        };
-
-        let width = self.size_px[0].max(1);
-        let height = self.size_px[1].max(1);
-        renderer.ensure_histogram(device, width, height);
-        let pipeline = renderer
-            .compute_pipeline(device, self.uniforms.kind)
-            .clone();
-
-        let content = ContentKey::from(&self.uniforms);
-        let content_changed = renderer.last_content != Some(content);
-        let should_dispatch = content_changed || self.accumulate;
-
-        if let Some(histogram) = &renderer.histogram {
-            if content_changed {
-                egui_encoder.clear_buffer(&histogram.buffer, 0, None);
-                renderer.total_samples = 0.0;
-                renderer.last_content = Some(content);
-            }
-
-            let mut uniforms = self.uniforms;
-            uniforms.width = width;
-            uniforms.height = height;
-            if should_dispatch {
-                renderer.seed = renderer.seed.wrapping_add(1);
-                renderer.total_samples += SAMPLES_PER_DISPATCH as f32;
-                uniforms.seed = renderer.seed;
-                uniforms.samples_this_dispatch = SAMPLES_PER_DISPATCH;
-            } else {
-                uniforms.samples_this_dispatch = 0;
-            }
-            uniforms.total_samples = renderer.total_samples;
-            queue.write_buffer(&renderer.uniform_buffer, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&uniforms));
-
-            if should_dispatch {
-                let mut pass = egui_encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
-                    label: Some("buddhabrot accumulate pass"),
-                    timestamp_writes: None,
-                });
-                pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
-                pass.set_bind_group(0, &histogram.compute_bind_group, &[]);
-                let workgroups = SAMPLES_PER_DISPATCH.div_ceil(WORKGROUP_SIZE);
-                pass.dispatch_workgroups(workgroups, 1, 1);
-            }
-        }
-        Vec::new()
-    }
-
-    fn paint(
-        &self,
-        _info: egui::PaintCallbackInfo,
-        render_pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'static>,
-        resources: &egui_wgpu::CallbackResources,
-    ) {
-        if let Some(renderer) = resources.get::<BuddhabrotRenderer>()
-            && let Some(histogram) = &renderer.histogram
-        {
-            render_pass.set_pipeline(&renderer.tonemap_pipeline);
-            render_pass.set_bind_group(0, &histogram.tonemap_bind_group, &[]);
-            render_pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
-        }
-    }
-}

src/fractal/kind.rs

@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-//! `FractalKind`: the enum selecting which iteration formula is in use, plus
-//! everything that only needs to switch on it (UI label/description/formula
-//! text, share-link tag, default parameter-plane view). The CPU/GPU orbit
-//! math itself lives in `reference.rs` (CPU reference orbit) and
-//! `shaders/mandelbrot.wgsl` (GPU perturbation delta) since both must also
-//! stay in sync with `common.wgsl`'s `KIND_*` constants.
-
-/// The iteration formula. Must be kept in sync with `advance_delta` and the
-/// `KIND_*` constants in the shader.
-#[repr(u8)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
-pub enum FractalKind {
-    /// `z -> z^2 + c`.
-    Mandelbrot = 0,
-    /// `z -> (|Re z| + i|Im z|)^2 + c`.
-    BurningShip = 1,
-    /// `z -> conj(z)^2 + c` (the Mandelbar).
-    Tricorn = 2,
-    /// `z -> z^power + c` (power >= 2).
-    Multibrot = 3,
-    /// `z -> |Re(z^2)| + i·Im(z^2) + c` (abs on the real output of the square).
-    Celtic = 4,
-    /// `z -> (x^2 - y^2) - 2·x·|y|·i + c` (abs on the imaginary input).
-    Perpendicular = 5,
-    /// `z -> |Re(z^2)| - |Im(z^2)|·i + c` (abs on both outputs).
-    Buffalo = 6,
-    /// `z -> z^2 + c + p·z_{n-1}` (two-term recurrence; `p` is `phoenix_p`).
-    Phoenix = 7,
-    /// `z -> lambda·z(1 - z)` (logistic map).
-    Lambda = 8,
-    /// `z -> z^power + c`, where `power` is a complex constant (the
-    /// `complex_power` argument), via the principal branch `z^p = exp(p·ln z)`.
-    ComplexMultibrot = 9,
-}
-
-impl FractalKind {
-    /// Every kind, in declaration/discriminant order. Sized arrays keyed by
-    /// `kind as usize` (`JULIA_PRESETS`, `SET_PRESETS`) must have one slot per
-    /// entry here.
-    pub const ALL: [FractalKind; 10] = [
-        FractalKind::Mandelbrot,
-        FractalKind::BurningShip,
-        FractalKind::Tricorn,
-        FractalKind::Multibrot,
-        FractalKind::Celtic,
-        FractalKind::Perpendicular,
-        FractalKind::Buffalo,
-        FractalKind::Phoenix,
-        FractalKind::Lambda,
-        FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot,
-    ];
-
-    pub fn description(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => {
-                "The Mandelbrot set is the most famous fractal set, obtained with the simplest escape-time formula. This set represents all Julia fractals: each points of the Mandelbrot set is related to a specific Julia fractal."
-            }
-            FractalKind::BurningShip => {
-                "A variation of the famous Mandelbrot set, using absolute values on the real and imaginary part of each iterations."
-            }
-            FractalKind::Tricorn => {
-                "The Tricorn set is obtained using the same formula as the Mandelbrot set, taking the complex conjugate of the previous iteration."
-            }
-            FractalKind::Multibrot => {
-                "Multibrot use the same formula as the Mandelbrot set, with a bigger exposant."
-            }
-            FractalKind::Celtic => "",
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular => "",
-            FractalKind::Buffalo => "",
-            FractalKind::Phoenix => "",
-            FractalKind::Lambda => "",
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot => {
-                "Like Multibrot, but the exponent itself is a complex number instead of a plain integer, via z^p = exp(p·ln z)."
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// UI label for this kind (combo box / info panel heading).
-    pub fn label(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => "Mandelbrot",
-            FractalKind::BurningShip => "Burning Ship",
-            FractalKind::Tricorn => "Tricorn",
-            FractalKind::Multibrot => "Multibrot",
-            FractalKind::Celtic => "Celtic",
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular => "Perpendicular",
-            FractalKind::Buffalo => "Buffalo",
-            FractalKind::Phoenix => "Phoenix",
-            FractalKind::Lambda => "Lambda",
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot => "Complex Multibrot",
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// The iteration formula in human-readable notation (mirrors the doc
-    /// comments on the variants above). `power` is only used by Multibrot;
-    /// `complex_power` only by Complex Multibrot.
-    pub fn formula(&self, power: u32, complex_power: (f64, f64)) -> String {
-        match self {
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => "z = z² + c".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::BurningShip => "z = (|Re(z)| + i|Im(z)|)² + c".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::Tricorn => "z = conj(z)² + c".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::Multibrot => format!("z = z^{power} + c"),
-            FractalKind::Celtic => "z = |Re(z²)| + i·Im(z²) + c".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular => "z = (x² − y²) − 2x|y|i + c".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::Buffalo => "z = |Re(z²)| − i|Im(z²)| + c".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::Phoenix => "z = z² + c + p·z_prev".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::Lambda => "z = λ·z(1 − z)".to_string(),
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot => {
-                format!("z = z^({:.3}{:+.3}i) + c", complex_power.0, complex_power.1)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Short tag used to identify this kind in a share-link fragment.
-    pub fn share_tag(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => "mandel",
-            FractalKind::BurningShip => "burning",
-            FractalKind::Tricorn => "tricorn",
-            FractalKind::Multibrot => "multi",
-            FractalKind::Celtic => "celtic",
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular => "perp",
-            FractalKind::Buffalo => "buffalo",
-            FractalKind::Phoenix => "phoenix",
-            FractalKind::Lambda => "lambda",
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot => "cmulti",
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Inverse of `share_tag`; unknown tags fall back to `None` so the caller
-    /// can decide the default (matches historical share-link behavior).
-    pub fn from_share_tag(tag: &str) -> Option<FractalKind> {
-        Some(match tag {
-            "mandel" => FractalKind::Mandelbrot,
-            "burning" => FractalKind::BurningShip,
-            "tricorn" => FractalKind::Tricorn,
-            "multi" => FractalKind::Multibrot,
-            "celtic" => FractalKind::Celtic,
-            "perp" => FractalKind::Perpendicular,
-            "buffalo" => FractalKind::Buffalo,
-            "phoenix" => FractalKind::Phoenix,
-            "lambda" => FractalKind::Lambda,
-            "cmulti" => FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot,
-            _ => return None,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Default parameter-plane (Mandelbrot-mode) view for this kind, as
-    /// `(center_re, center_im, half_height)`. The Julia (dynamical) plane
-    /// doesn't vary by kind, so it isn't covered here.
-    pub fn default_set_view(&self) -> (f64, f64, f64) {
-        match self {
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => (-0.5, 0.0, 1.25),
-            FractalKind::BurningShip => (-0.5, -0.5, 1.3),
-            FractalKind::Tricorn => (-0.25, 0.0, 1.7),
-            FractalKind::Multibrot => (0.0, 0.0, 1.5),
-            FractalKind::Celtic => (-0.5, 0.0, 1.6),
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular => (-0.5, 0.0, 1.5),
-            FractalKind::Buffalo => (-0.5, 0.5, 1.5),
-            FractalKind::Phoenix => (-0.5, 0.0, 1.5),
-            FractalKind::Lambda => (-0.5, 0.0, 2.4),
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot => (0.0, 0.0, 1.5),
-        }
-    }
-}

src/fractal/mod.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,13 @@
 //! GPU fractal rendering: wgpu pipeline, uniforms, reference orbit, and the
 //! egui paint callback.
 
-pub mod buddhabrot;
-pub mod kind;
 pub mod reference;
 pub mod renderer;
 pub mod share;
 
-pub use buddhabrot::{BuddhabrotCallback, BuddhabrotRenderer, BuddhabrotUniforms};
+pub use reference::{Bla, FractalKind, build_bla_table, compute_reference, compute_set_reference};
-pub use kind::FractalKind;
+pub use renderer::{
-pub use reference::{compute_reference, compute_set_reference};
+    ExportRender, FractalCallback, FractalRenderer, MAX_REF_POINTS, Uniforms,
-#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    encode_png_with_progress,
-pub use renderer::encode_png_with_progress;
+};
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-pub use renderer::export_to_png_blocking;
-pub use renderer::{ExportRender, FractalCallback, FractalRenderer, MAX_REF_POINTS, Uniforms};
 pub use share::ShareState;

src/fractal/reference.rs

@@ -10,34 +10,42 @@
 //! * Mandelbrot-set: `z0 = 0`, `c = view center` (the c-plane point per pixel).
 //! * Julia-set:      `z0 = view center`, `c = fractal constant` (fixed per view).
 
-use super::kind::FractalKind;
+use crate::view::Big;
-use crate::view::{Big, big_from_f64};
+
+/// The iteration formula. Must be kept in sync with `advance_delta` and the
+/// `KIND_*` constants in the shader.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum FractalKind {
+    /// `z -> z^2 + c`.
+    Mandelbrot,
+    /// `z -> (|Re z| + i|Im z|)^2 + c`.
+    BurningShip,
+    /// `z -> conj(z)^2 + c` (the Mandelbar).
+    Tricorn,
+    /// `z -> z^power + c` (power >= 2).
+    Multibrot,
+}
+
+impl FractalKind {
+    /// Integer id matching the shader's `KIND_*` constants.
+    pub fn shader_id(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => 0,
+            FractalKind::BurningShip => 1,
+            FractalKind::Tricorn => 2,
+            FractalKind::Multibrot => 3,
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /// Reference orbit escapes once |Z|^2 exceeds this. Kept larger than the pixel
 /// bailout so pixels escaping alongside the reference can still reach their
 /// bailout before the stored orbit runs out.
 const REFERENCE_ESCAPE_SQ: f64 = 1.0e10;
 
-/// Up to this working precision (bits) the orbit is iterated in plain `f64`
-/// instead of `FBig` — orders of magnitude faster, which matters most on the
-/// web (where the reference is computed inline on the UI thread).
-///
-/// `precision_for` asks for `zoom_bits + 48` guard bits, but the GPU only
-/// consumes the orbit as f32 deltas, so two things actually matter:
-/// * Each f64 step's rounding (~1e-16 relative) acts like a tiny local error
-///   in the pixel orbits too (perturbation reproduces whatever orbit it's
-///   given), far below the f32 delta noise — the orbit only has to be a
-///   consistent orbit, not the exact one.
-/// * The reference center gets rounded to f64 (<= ~2.2e-16 absolute for
-///   |c| <= 2), which shifts the image. At 80 bits (zoom_bits <= 32, i.e.
-///   half-height >= ~2.3e-10) a pixel is >= ~5e-13 wide, so that shift stays
-///   below 0.1% of a pixel.
-const F64_MAX_PRECISION: usize = 80;
-
 /// Compute the reference orbit `Z_0..Z_{len-1}` where `Z_0 = z0` and
 /// `Z_{n+1} = f(Z_n, c)` for the given `kind` (and `power`, for Multibrot), up
 /// to `max_iter` steps at `precision` bits. Each entry is `[re, im]` in f32.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn compute_reference(
     z0_re: &Big,
     z0_im: &Big,
@@ -47,143 +55,12 @@ pub fn compute_reference(
     precision: usize,
     kind: FractalKind,
     power: u32,
-    phoenix_p: (f64, f64),
-    lambda_l: (f64, f64),
-    complex_power: (f64, f64),
-) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
-    if precision <= F64_MAX_PRECISION {
-        return compute_reference_f64(
-            (z0_re.to_f64().value(), z0_im.to_f64().value()),
-            (c_re.to_f64().value(), c_im.to_f64().value()),
-            max_iter,
-            kind,
-            power,
-            phoenix_p,
-            lambda_l,
-            complex_power,
-        );
-    }
-    compute_reference_big(
-        z0_re,
-        z0_im,
-        c_re,
-        c_im,
-        max_iter,
-        precision,
-        kind,
-        power,
-        phoenix_p,
-        lambda_l,
-        complex_power,
-    )
-}
-
-/// [`compute_reference`]'s fast path for shallow views (see
-/// [`F64_MAX_PRECISION`]): the same per-kind formulas in plain `f64`.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn compute_reference_f64(
-    z0: (f64, f64),
-    c: (f64, f64),
-    max_iter: u32,
-    kind: FractalKind,
-    power: u32,
-    phoenix_p: (f64, f64),
-    lambda_l: (f64, f64),
-    complex_power: (f64, f64),
-) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
-    let (cr, ci) = c;
-    let (mut zr, mut zi) = z0;
-    // Previous iterate, for the Phoenix two-term recurrence (Y_{-1} = 0).
-    let (mut zr_prev, mut zi_prev) = (0.0f64, 0.0f64);
-    let (pr, pi) = phoenix_p;
-    let (lr, li) = lambda_l;
-
-    let mut points: Vec<[f32; 2]> = Vec::with_capacity(max_iter as usize + 1);
-    for _ in 0..=max_iter {
-        points.push([zr as f32, zi as f32]);
-        if zr * zr + zi * zi > REFERENCE_ESCAPE_SQ {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        let (new_zr, new_zi) = match kind {
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => ((zr + zi) * (zr - zi) + cr, 2.0 * zr * zi + ci),
-            FractalKind::BurningShip => (zr * zr - zi * zi + cr, (2.0 * zr * zi).abs() + ci),
-            FractalKind::Tricorn => (zr * zr - zi * zi + cr, ci - 2.0 * zr * zi),
-            FractalKind::Multibrot => {
-                let (mut rr, mut ri) = (1.0f64, 0.0f64);
-                for _ in 0..power.max(2) {
-                    (rr, ri) = (rr * zr - ri * zi, rr * zi + ri * zr);
-                }
-                (rr + cr, ri + ci)
-            }
-            FractalKind::Celtic => ((zr * zr - zi * zi).abs() + cr, 2.0 * zr * zi + ci),
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular => (zr * zr - zi * zi + cr, ci - 2.0 * zr * zi.abs()),
-            FractalKind::Buffalo => ((zr * zr - zi * zi).abs() + cr, ci - (2.0 * zr * zi).abs()),
-            FractalKind::Phoenix => (
-                zr * zr - zi * zi + cr + (pr * zr_prev - pi * zi_prev),
-                2.0 * zr * zi + ci + (pr * zi_prev + pi * zr_prev),
-            ),
-            FractalKind::Lambda => {
-                // λ·z(1 - z).
-                let (re2, im2) = (1.0 - zr, -zi);
-                let (lzr, lzi) = (lr * zr - li * zi, lr * zi + li * zr);
-                (lzr * re2 - lzi * im2, re2 * lzi + lzr * im2)
-            }
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot => {
-                let (pr, pi) = complex_pow_complex_f64(zr, zi, complex_power.0, complex_power.1);
-                (pr + cr, pi + ci)
-            }
-        };
-        (zr_prev, zi_prev) = (zr, zi);
-        (zr, zi) = (new_zr, new_zi);
-    }
-    points
-}
-
-/// `f64` twin of [`complex_pow_complex`] (principal branch, `0^p = 0`).
-fn complex_pow_complex_f64(zr: f64, zi: f64, pr: f64, pi: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
-    if zr == 0.0 && zi == 0.0 {
-        return (0.0, 0.0);
-    }
-    let ln_r = 0.5 * (zr * zr + zi * zi).ln();
-    let theta = zi.atan2(zr);
-    let mag = (pr * ln_r - pi * theta).exp();
-    let (sin_a, cos_a) = (pr * theta + pi * ln_r).sin_cos();
-    (mag * cos_a, mag * sin_a)
-}
-
-/// [`compute_reference`] at arbitrary precision (`FBig`), for deep views.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn compute_reference_big(
-    z0_re: &Big,
-    z0_im: &Big,
-    c_re: &Big,
-    c_im: &Big,
-    max_iter: u32,
-    precision: usize,
-    kind: FractalKind,
-    power: u32,
-    phoenix_p: (f64, f64),
-    lambda_l: (f64, f64),
-    complex_power: (f64, f64),
 ) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
     let cr = c_re.clone().with_precision(precision).value();
     let ci = c_im.clone().with_precision(precision).value();
 
     let mut zr = z0_re.clone().with_precision(precision).value();
     let mut zi = z0_im.clone().with_precision(precision).value();
-    // Previous iterate, for the Phoenix two-term recurrence (Y_{-1} = 0).
-    let mut zr_prev = big_zero(precision);
-    let mut zi_prev = big_zero(precision);
-    // Phoenix distortion constant `p` (a small fixed complex number).
-    let pr = big_from_f64(phoenix_p.0, precision);
-    let pi = big_from_f64(phoenix_p.1, precision);
-    // Lambda distortion constant `l` (a small fixed complex number).
-    let lr = big_from_f64(lambda_l.0, precision);
-    let li = big_from_f64(lambda_l.1, precision);
-    // Complex Multibrot exponent (a fixed complex number).
-    let cpow_re = big_from_f64(complex_power.0, precision);
-    let cpow_im = big_from_f64(complex_power.1, precision);
 
     let mut points: Vec<[f32; 2]> = Vec::with_capacity(max_iter as usize + 1);
 
@@ -199,9 +76,8 @@ fn compute_reference_big(
 
         let (new_zr, new_zi) = match kind {
             FractalKind::Mandelbrot => {
-                // Z^2 = (zr^2 - zi^2) + (2 zr zi) i, with zr^2 - zi^2 as
+                // Z^2 = (zr^2 - zi^2) + (2 zr zi) i.
-                // (zr + zi)(zr - zi): one multiply instead of two squares.
+                let re = &zr.sqr() - &zi.sqr() + &cr;
-                let re = (&zr + &zi) * (&zr - &zi) + &cr;
                 let im = ((&zr * &zi) << 1) + &ci; // << 1 is exact ×2 in base 2
                 (re, im)
             }
@@ -221,53 +97,8 @@ fn compute_reference_big(
                 let (pr, pi) = complex_pow(&zr, &zi, power.max(2), precision);
                 (pr + &cr, pi + &ci)
             }
-            FractalKind::Celtic => {
-                // |Re(z^2)| + i·Im(z^2): abs the real output of the square.
-                let re = big_abs(&zr.sqr() - &zi.sqr()) + &cr;
-                let im = ((&zr * &zi) << 1) + &ci;
-                (re, im)
-            }
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular => {
-                // (x^2 - y^2) - 2·x·|y| i: abs the imaginary input.
-                let re = &zr.sqr() - &zi.sqr() + &cr;
-                let im = if zi.to_f64().value() < 0.0 {
-                    &ci + ((&zr * &zi) << 1)
-                } else {
-                    &ci - ((&zr * &zi) << 1)
-                };
-                (re, im)
-            }
-            FractalKind::Buffalo => {
-                // |Re(z^2)| - |Im(z^2)| i: abs both outputs.
-                let re = big_abs(&zr.sqr() - &zi.sqr()) + &cr;
-                let im = &ci - big_abs((&zr * &zi) << 1);
-                (re, im)
-            }
-            FractalKind::Phoenix => {
-                // z^2 + c + p·z_{n-1}.
-                let re2 = &zr.sqr() - &zi.sqr();
-                let im2 = (&zr * &zi) << 1;
-                let pzr = &pr * &zr_prev - &pi * &zi_prev;
-                let pzi = &pr * &zi_prev + &pi * &zr_prev;
-                (re2 + &cr + pzr, im2 + &ci + pzi)
-            }
-            FractalKind::Lambda => {
-                // λ·z(1 - z): logistic map.
-                let re2 = 1 - &zr;
-                let im2 = -&zi;
-                let lzr = &lr * &zr - &li * &zi;
-                let lzi = &lr * &zi + &li * &zr;
-                (&lzr * &re2 - &lzi * &im2, re2 * lzi + lzr * im2)
-            }
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot => {
-                let (pr, pi) = complex_pow_complex(&zr, &zi, &cpow_re, &cpow_im, precision);
-                (pr + &cr, pi + &ci)
-            }
         };
 
-        // Shift the previous iterate (only the Phoenix arm reads it).
-        zr_prev = zr;
-        zi_prev = zi;
         zr = new_zr.with_precision(precision).value();
         zi = new_zi.with_precision(precision).value();
     }
@@ -299,35 +130,8 @@ fn complex_pow(zr: &Big, zi: &Big, power: u32, precision: usize) -> (Big, Big) {
     (rr, ri)
 }
 
-/// `true` if `x` is (numerically) zero. The f64 check is exact for a true
-/// zero; only matters here to special-case `ln(0)`.
-fn is_big_zero(x: &Big) -> bool {
-    x.to_f64().value() == 0.0
-}
-
-/// `(zr + i zi)^(pr + i pi)` for a complex exponent, via the principal branch
-/// `z^p = exp(p·ln z)` where `ln z = ln|z| + i·arg(z)`. Used by
-/// `ComplexMultibrot`; must be kept in sync with the shader's `cpow`.
-/// `z = 0` is special-cased to `0` (the formula's `ln(0)` would otherwise
-/// panic; this is the correct limit for the `Re(p) > 0` region the UI
-/// exposes).
-fn complex_pow_complex(zr: &Big, zi: &Big, pr: &Big, pi: &Big, precision: usize) -> (Big, Big) {
-    if is_big_zero(zr) && is_big_zero(zi) {
-        return (big_zero(precision), big_zero(precision));
-    }
-    let r2 = &zr.sqr() + &zi.sqr();
-    let ln_r = r2.ln() >> 1; // 0.5 * ln(r2) = ln(sqrt(r2)); exact halving.
-    let theta = zi.atan2(zr);
-    let exp_re = (pr * &ln_r - pi * &theta).with_precision(precision).value();
-    let exp_im = (pr * &theta + pi * &ln_r).with_precision(precision).value();
-    let mag = exp_re.exp();
-    let (sin_a, cos_a) = exp_im.sin_cos();
-    (&mag * &cos_a, &mag * &sin_a)
-}
-
 /// Convenience: parameter-plane ("Mandelbrot-set") reference (`z0 = 0`,
 /// `c = center`) for any `kind`.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn compute_set_reference(
     center_re: &Big,
     center_im: &Big,
@@ -335,26 +139,157 @@ pub fn compute_set_reference(
     precision: usize,
     kind: FractalKind,
     power: u32,
-    phoenix_p: (f64, f64),
-    lambda_l: (f64, f64),
-    complex_power: (f64, f64),
 ) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
     let zero = big_zero(precision);
     compute_reference(
-        &zero,
+        &zero, &zero, center_re, center_im, max_iter, precision, kind, power,
-        &zero,
-        center_re,
-        center_im,
-        max_iter,
-        precision,
-        kind,
-        power,
-        phoenix_p,
-        lambda_l,
-        complex_power,
     )
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Bivariate Linear Approximation (BLA)
+//
+// Deep in a zoom the per-pixel delta stays far smaller than the reference, so
+// the nonlinear `e^2` term of the perturbation step is negligible and the step
+// is effectively linear: `e -> A e + B dc`. BLA precomputes, for runs of
+// iterations, the composed linear coefficients `(A, B)` plus a validity radius
+// `r` (the largest `|e|` for which dropping `e^2` stays within tolerance). A
+// pixel can then skip a whole run in one multiply whenever `|e| < r`.
+//
+// Runs are merged pairwise into a binary tree of levels: level `k` holds BLAs of
+// length `2^k` starting at multiples of `2^k`. The GPU walks levels high→low to
+// take the longest valid skip at the current index. Both sides recompute the
+// per-level counts from `ref_len` (count[0] = ref_len-1, count[k] = count[k-1]/2)
+// so no offset table needs to travel to the GPU — only this flat array does.
+//
+// Only the holomorphic square map (Mandelbrot/Julia, `A = 2 Z`, `B = 1`) is
+// supported; other kinds fall back to per-iteration stepping on the GPU.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// One merged linear step: `e_{n+l} = A e_n + B dc`, valid while `|e_n| < r`.
+/// Laid out to match the WGSL `Bla` struct (two `vec2<f32>`, then `f32`, `u32`;
+/// 24-byte std430 stride).
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct Bla {
+    pub a: [f32; 2],
+    pub b: [f32; 2],
+    pub r: f32,
+    pub l: u32,
+}
+
+/// Relative budget for the dropped nonlinear term, chosen near the f32 orbit
+/// storage noise floor so BLA adds no visible error over plain perturbation.
+const BLA_EPS: f64 = 1.0e-6;
+
+/// f64 working form of a BLA (merges accumulate in f64, stored as f32).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct BlaF {
+    ar: f64,
+    ai: f64,
+    br: f64,
+    bi: f64,
+    r: f64,
+    l: u32,
+}
+
+impl BlaF {
+    fn to_bla(self) -> Bla {
+        Bla {
+            a: [self.ar as f32, self.ai as f32],
+            b: [self.br as f32, self.bi as f32],
+            r: self.r as f32,
+            l: self.l,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Merge two consecutive BLAs (`x` then `y`) into one covering both runs.
+fn merge_bla(x: BlaF, y: BlaF, dc_max: f64) -> BlaF {
+    // A = Ay Ax ; B = Ay Bx + By  (complex).
+    let ar = y.ar * x.ar - y.ai * x.ai;
+    let ai = y.ar * x.ai + y.ai * x.ar;
+    let br = y.ar * x.br - y.ai * x.bi + y.br;
+    let bi = y.ar * x.bi + y.ai * x.br + y.bi;
+    // Valid if |e| < rx (so x holds) and |Ax e + Bx dc| < ry (so y holds):
+    //   |e| < (ry - |Bx| dc_max) / |Ax|.
+    let ax_mag = (x.ar * x.ar + x.ai * x.ai).sqrt();
+    let bx_mag = (x.br * x.br + x.bi * x.bi).sqrt();
+    let r_y = if ax_mag > 0.0 {
+        ((y.r - bx_mag * dc_max) / ax_mag).max(0.0)
+    } else {
+        x.r
+    };
+    BlaF {
+        ar,
+        ai,
+        br,
+        bi,
+        r: x.r.min(r_y),
+        l: x.l + y.l,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build the BLA table for a square-map reference orbit. `dc_max` is an upper
+/// bound on any pixel's `|dc|` in the current view (used to size merge radii).
+/// Returns a flat array with levels concatenated (level 0 first). Empty if the
+/// orbit is too short to skip.
+pub fn build_bla_table(points: &[[f32; 2]], dc_max: f64) -> Vec<Bla> {
+    let m = points.len();
+    if m < 2 {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+
+    // Level 0: one single step from each index i (uses Z_i). A = 2 Z, B = 1.
+    // Dropping e^2 is within tolerance while |e| < BLA_EPS |Z| (since the kept
+    // linear term is |2 Z e|).
+    let mut level0: Vec<BlaF> = Vec::with_capacity(m - 1);
+    for z in &points[..m - 1] {
+        let (zr, zi) = (z[0] as f64, z[1] as f64);
+        let zmag = (zr * zr + zi * zi).sqrt();
+        level0.push(BlaF {
+            ar: 2.0 * zr,
+            ai: 2.0 * zi,
+            br: 1.0,
+            bi: 0.0,
+            r: BLA_EPS * zmag,
+            l: 1,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut levels: Vec<Vec<BlaF>> = vec![level0];
+    while levels.last().unwrap().len() >= 2 {
+        let prev = levels.last().unwrap();
+        let mut next = Vec::with_capacity(prev.len() / 2);
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i + 1 < prev.len() {
+            next.push(merge_bla(prev[i], prev[i + 1], dc_max));
+            i += 2;
+        }
+        levels.push(next);
+    }
+
+    let mut flat = Vec::with_capacity(levels.iter().map(|l| l.len()).sum());
+    for level in &levels {
+        flat.extend(level.iter().map(|b| b.to_bla()));
+    }
+    flat
+}
+
+/// Start offset of BLA level `lv` within the flat table, computed from the orbit
+/// length exactly as the shader does (`count[0] = ref_len-1`, halving each
+/// level). Kept here so the traversal test mirrors the GPU indexing.
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn bla_level_start(ref_len: usize, lv: u32) -> (usize, usize) {
+    let mut start = 0usize;
+    let mut count = ref_len - 1;
+    for _ in 0..lv {
+        start += count;
+        count /= 2;
+    }
+    (start, count)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -365,17 +300,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn reference_matches_naive_f64() {
         let cr = Big::try_from(-0.75_f64).unwrap();
         let ci = Big::try_from(0.1_f64).unwrap();
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
+        let points = compute_set_reference(&cr, &ci, 60, 200, FractalKind::Mandelbrot, 2);
-            &cr,
-            &ci,
-            60,
-            200,
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot,
-            2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-        );
 
         // Independent naive f64 orbit.
         let (c_re, c_im) = (-0.75_f64, 0.1_f64);
@@ -385,14 +310,8 @@ mod tests {
             // significant figures.
             let tol_re = 1e-4 * (1.0 + zr.abs());
             let tol_im = 1e-4 * (1.0 + zi.abs());
-            assert!(
+            assert!((point[0] as f64 - zr).abs() < tol_re, "re mismatch: {point:?} vs {zr}");
-                (point[0] as f64 - zr).abs() < tol_re,
+            assert!((point[1] as f64 - zi).abs() < tol_im, "im mismatch: {point:?} vs {zi}");
-                "re mismatch: {point:?} vs {zr}"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                (point[1] as f64 - zi).abs() < tol_im,
-                "im mismatch: {point:?} vs {zi}"
-            );
             let nzr = zr * zr - zi * zi + c_re;
             let nzi = 2.0 * zr * zi + c_im;
             zr = nzr;
@@ -400,60 +319,12 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// The f64 fast path (shallow views) must produce the same orbit as the
-    /// arbitrary-precision path, for every kind, in both planes.
-    #[test]
-    fn f64_fast_path_matches_big() {
-        let bits_fast = F64_MAX_PRECISION;
-        let bits_big = F64_MAX_PRECISION + 64;
-        for kind in FractalKind::ALL {
-            for julia in [false, true] {
-                let run = |bits: usize| {
-                    let (a, b) = (big_from_f64(-0.3, bits), big_from_f64(0.2, bits));
-                    let (jr, ji) = (big_from_f64(-0.4, bits), big_from_f64(0.55, bits));
-                    let args = (60, bits, kind, 3, (0.1, -0.2), (0.9, 0.3), (2.3, 0.4));
-                    if julia {
-                        compute_reference(
-                            &a, &b, &jr, &ji, args.0, args.1, args.2, args.3, args.4, args.5,
-                            args.6,
-                        )
-                    } else {
-                        compute_set_reference(
-                            &a, &b, args.0, args.1, args.2, args.3, args.4, args.5, args.6,
-                        )
-                    }
-                };
-                let (fast, big) = (run(bits_fast), run(bits_big));
-                assert_eq!(fast.len(), big.len(), "{kind:?} julia={julia}: length");
-                for (i, (f, b)) in fast.iter().zip(&big).enumerate() {
-                    for k in 0..2 {
-                        let tol = 1e-5 * (1.0 + b[k].abs());
-                        assert!(
-                            (f[k] - b[k]).abs() <= tol,
-                            "{kind:?} julia={julia}: point {i} {f:?} vs {b:?}"
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     /// A point inside the main cardioid never escapes: full-length orbit.
     #[test]
     fn interior_orbit_runs_full_length() {
         let cr = Big::try_from(-0.2_f64).unwrap();
         let ci = Big::try_from(0.0_f64).unwrap();
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
+        let points = compute_set_reference(&cr, &ci, 500, 120, FractalKind::Mandelbrot, 2);
-            &cr,
-            &ci,
-            500,
-            120,
-            FractalKind::Mandelbrot,
-            2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-        );
         assert_eq!(points.len(), 501, "interior orbit should not escape");
     }
 
@@ -462,17 +333,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn burning_ship_reference_matches_naive_f64() {
         let cr = Big::try_from(-1.75_f64).unwrap();
         let ci = Big::try_from(-0.03_f64).unwrap();
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
+        let points = compute_set_reference(&cr, &ci, 60, 200, FractalKind::BurningShip, 2);
-            &cr,
-            &ci,
-            60,
-            200,
-            FractalKind::BurningShip,
-            2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-        );
 
         let (c_re, c_im) = (-1.75_f64, -0.03_f64);
         let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64);
@@ -492,17 +353,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn multibrot3_reference_matches_naive_f64() {
         let cr = Big::try_from(0.3_f64).unwrap();
         let ci = Big::try_from(0.2_f64).unwrap();
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
+        let points = compute_set_reference(&cr, &ci, 60, 200, FractalKind::Multibrot, 3);
-            &cr,
-            &ci,
-            60,
-            200,
-            FractalKind::Multibrot,
-            3,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-        );
 
         let (c_re, c_im) = (0.3_f64, 0.2_f64);
         let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64);
@@ -535,9 +386,6 @@ mod tests {
             200,
             FractalKind::Mandelbrot,
             2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
         );
 
         let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.15_f64, -0.1_f64);
@@ -553,179 +401,125 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Celtic reference matches a naive f64 iteration: real = |x^2 - y^2| + cr.
+    /// Step-by-step perturbation (drops nothing): `e_{n+1} = 2 Z_n e_n + e_n^2 + dc`,
+    /// using the stored f32 orbit as `Z_n`. Returns `e` after `target_n` steps.
+    fn advance_naive(points: &[[f32; 2]], dc: (f64, f64), target_n: usize) -> (f64, f64) {
+        let (mut er, mut ei) = (0.0f64, 0.0f64);
+        for z in &points[..target_n] {
+            let (zr, zi) = (z[0] as f64, z[1] as f64);
+            let tr = 2.0 * (zr * er - zi * ei);
+            let ti = 2.0 * (zr * ei + zi * er);
+            let sr = er * er - ei * ei;
+            let si = 2.0 * er * ei;
+            er = tr + sr + dc.0;
+            ei = ti + si + dc.1;
+        }
+        (er, ei)
+    }
+
+    /// Advance `e` to exactly `target_n` steps using the BLA table — the same
+    /// walk the shader performs (longest valid skip first, else a full step),
+    /// but never skipping past `target_n`. Returns `(e, took_a_multi_step_skip)`.
+    fn advance_bla(
+        points: &[[f32; 2]],
+        table: &[Bla],
+        dc: (f64, f64),
+        target_n: usize,
+    ) -> ((f64, f64), bool) {
+        let ref_len = points.len();
+        let (mut er, mut ei) = (0.0f64, 0.0f64);
+        let mut n = 0usize;
+        let mut skipped = false;
+
+        while n < target_n {
+            let emag2 = er * er + ei * ei;
+            let mut applied = false;
+
+            // Highest level worth trying is bounded by how far we may advance.
+            let span = target_n - n;
+            let max_lv = (usize::BITS - 1 - span.leading_zeros()) as i64; // floor(log2(span))
+            let mut lv = max_lv;
+            while lv >= 0 {
+                let lvu = lv as u32;
+                let step = 1usize << lvu;
+                if n % step == 0 && n + step <= target_n {
+                    let (start, count) = bla_level_start(ref_len, lvu);
+                    let idx = n >> lvu;
+                    if idx < count {
+                        let b = table[start + idx];
+                        let r = b.r as f64;
+                        if emag2 < r * r {
+                            let (ar, ai) = (b.a[0] as f64, b.a[1] as f64);
+                            let (br, bi) = (b.b[0] as f64, b.b[1] as f64);
+                            let ner = ar * er - ai * ei + br * dc.0 - bi * dc.1;
+                            let nei = ar * ei + ai * er + br * dc.1 + bi * dc.0;
+                            er = ner;
+                            ei = nei;
+                            n += step;
+                            skipped |= step > 1;
+                            applied = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                lv -= 1;
+            }
+
+            if !applied {
+                let (zr, zi) = (points[n][0] as f64, points[n][1] as f64);
+                let tr = 2.0 * (zr * er - zi * ei);
+                let ti = 2.0 * (zr * ei + zi * er);
+                let sr = er * er - ei * ei;
+                let si = 2.0 * er * ei;
+                er = tr + sr + dc.0;
+                ei = ti + si + dc.1;
+                n += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        ((er, ei), skipped)
+    }
+
+    /// The BLA walk must reproduce step-by-step perturbation at deep zoom (where
+    /// the delta is tiny and skips actually fire).
     #[test]
-    fn celtic_reference_matches_naive_f64() {
+    fn bla_matches_step_by_step() {
-        let cr = Big::try_from(-0.6_f64).unwrap();
+        // An interior center (never escapes), so `e` stays bounded and we can
-        let ci = Big::try_from(0.4_f64).unwrap();
+        // iterate the full orbit; zoomed so |dc| ~ 1e-9 (deep enough for big
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
+        // skips). Correctness of the walk is independent of which orbit we pick.
-            &cr,
+        let cr = Big::try_from(-0.5_f64).unwrap();
-            &ci,
-            60,
-            200,
-            FractalKind::Celtic,
-            2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-        );
-
-        let (c_re, c_im) = (-0.6_f64, 0.4_f64);
-        let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64);
-        for point in &points {
-            let tol = 1e-4 * (1.0 + zr.abs().max(zi.abs()));
-            assert!((point[0] as f64 - zr).abs() < tol, "re: {point:?} vs {zr}");
-            assert!((point[1] as f64 - zi).abs() < tol, "im: {point:?} vs {zi}");
-            let nzr = (zr * zr - zi * zi).abs() + c_re;
-            let nzi = 2.0 * zr * zi + c_im;
-            zr = nzr;
-            zi = nzi;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Perpendicular reference matches a naive f64 iteration:
-    /// real = x^2 - y^2 + cr, imag = -2·x·|y| + ci.
-    #[test]
-    fn perpendicular_reference_matches_naive_f64() {
-        let cr = Big::try_from(-0.7_f64).unwrap();
-        let ci = Big::try_from(-0.2_f64).unwrap();
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
-            &cr,
-            &ci,
-            60,
-            200,
-            FractalKind::Perpendicular,
-            2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-        );
-
-        let (c_re, c_im) = (-0.7_f64, -0.2_f64);
-        let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64);
-        for point in &points {
-            let tol = 1e-4 * (1.0 + zr.abs().max(zi.abs()));
-            assert!((point[0] as f64 - zr).abs() < tol, "re: {point:?} vs {zr}");
-            assert!((point[1] as f64 - zi).abs() < tol, "im: {point:?} vs {zi}");
-            let nzr = zr * zr - zi * zi + c_re;
-            let nzi = -2.0 * zr * zi.abs() + c_im;
-            zr = nzr;
-            zi = nzi;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Buffalo reference matches a naive f64 iteration:
-    /// real = |x^2 - y^2| + cr, imag = -|2·x·y| + ci.
-    #[test]
-    fn buffalo_reference_matches_naive_f64() {
-        let cr = Big::try_from(-1.2_f64).unwrap();
-        let ci = Big::try_from(-0.35_f64).unwrap();
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
-            &cr,
-            &ci,
-            60,
-            200,
-            FractalKind::Buffalo,
-            2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-        );
-
-        let (c_re, c_im) = (-1.2_f64, -0.35_f64);
-        let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64);
-        for point in &points {
-            let tol = 1e-4 * (1.0 + zr.abs().max(zi.abs()));
-            assert!((point[0] as f64 - zr).abs() < tol, "re: {point:?} vs {zr}");
-            assert!((point[1] as f64 - zi).abs() < tol, "im: {point:?} vs {zi}");
-            let nzr = (zr * zr - zi * zi).abs() + c_re;
-            let nzi = -(2.0 * zr * zi).abs() + c_im;
-            zr = nzr;
-            zi = nzi;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Phoenix reference matches a naive f64 two-term iteration
-    /// `z_{n+1} = z_n^2 + c + p·z_{n-1}` (z_0 = 0, z_{-1} = 0).
-    #[test]
-    fn phoenix_reference_matches_naive_f64() {
-        let cr = Big::try_from(0.5667_f64).unwrap();
         let ci = Big::try_from(0.0_f64).unwrap();
-        let p = (-0.5_f64, 0.0_f64);
+        let points = compute_set_reference(&cr, &ci, 800, 160, FractalKind::Mandelbrot, 2);
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
+        assert!(points.len() > 64, "need a long orbit to exercise BLA levels");
-            &cr,
+
-            &ci,
+        let half_height = 1.0e-9_f64;
-            60,
+        let aspect = 1.5_f64;
-            200,
+        let dc_max = half_height * (1.0 + aspect * aspect).sqrt();
-            FractalKind::Phoenix,
+        let table = build_bla_table(&points, dc_max);
-            2,
+        assert!(!table.is_empty());
-            p,
+
-            (0.0, 0.0),
+        let target_n = points.len() - 1;
+        // A few pixel offsets across the view (all within dc_max).
+        let offsets = [
             (0.0, 0.0),
+            (0.6e-9, -0.4e-9),
+            (-0.9e-9, 0.3e-9),
+            (0.2e-9, 0.8e-9),
+        ];
+        let mut any_skip = false;
+        for dc in offsets {
+            let naive = advance_naive(&points, dc, target_n);
+            let (bla, skipped) = advance_bla(&points, &table, dc, target_n);
+            any_skip |= skipped;
+
+            let ref_mag = (naive.0 * naive.0 + naive.1 * naive.1).sqrt();
+            let err = ((bla.0 - naive.0).powi(2) + (bla.1 - naive.1).powi(2)).sqrt();
+            // Only the dropped e^2 differs; must stay near the BLA_EPS budget.
+            let tol = 1e-4 * ref_mag + 1e-15;
+            assert!(
+                err <= tol,
+                "dc={dc:?}: BLA {bla:?} vs naive {naive:?} (err {err:e} > tol {tol:e})"
             );
-
-        let (c_re, c_im) = (0.5667_f64, 0.0_f64);
-        let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64);
-        let (mut pr, mut pi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64); // previous iterate
-        for point in &points {
-            let tol = 1e-4 * (1.0 + zr.abs().max(zi.abs()));
-            assert!((point[0] as f64 - zr).abs() < tol, "re: {point:?} vs {zr}");
-            assert!((point[1] as f64 - zi).abs() < tol, "im: {point:?} vs {zi}");
-            // p·z_{n-1} = (p.0 + i p.1)(pr + i pi).
-            let pzr = p.0 * pr - p.1 * pi;
-            let pzi = p.0 * pi + p.1 * pr;
-            let nzr = zr * zr - zi * zi + c_re + pzr;
-            let nzi = 2.0 * zr * zi + c_im + pzi;
-            pr = zr;
-            pi = zi;
-            zr = nzr;
-            zi = nzi;
         }
-    }
+        assert!(any_skip, "BLA never took a multi-step skip — test is not exercising it");
-
-    /// Complex Multibrot (power 2.5 + 0.3i) reference matches a naive f64
-    /// iteration of `z^p = exp(p·ln z)`.
-    #[test]
-    fn complex_multibrot_reference_matches_naive_f64() {
-        let cr = Big::try_from(0.1_f64).unwrap();
-        let ci = Big::try_from(-0.2_f64).unwrap();
-        let power = (2.5_f64, 0.3_f64);
-        let points = compute_set_reference(
-            &cr,
-            &ci,
-            60,
-            200,
-            FractalKind::ComplexMultibrot,
-            2,
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            (0.0, 0.0),
-            power,
-        );
-
-        // Naive f64 complex power via z^p = exp(p * ln z), ln z = ln|z| + i*arg(z).
-        fn naive_cpow(zr: f64, zi: f64, pr: f64, pi: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
-            if zr == 0.0 && zi == 0.0 {
-                return (0.0, 0.0);
-            }
-            let ln_r = 0.5 * (zr * zr + zi * zi).ln();
-            let theta = zi.atan2(zr);
-            let exp_re = pr * ln_r - pi * theta;
-            let exp_im = pr * theta + pi * ln_r;
-            let mag = exp_re.exp();
-            (mag * exp_im.cos(), mag * exp_im.sin())
-        }
-
-        let (c_re, c_im) = (0.1_f64, -0.2_f64);
-        let (mut zr, mut zi) = (0.0_f64, 0.0_f64);
-        for point in &points {
-            let tol = 1e-4 * (1.0 + zr.abs().max(zi.abs()));
-            assert!((point[0] as f64 - zr).abs() < tol, "re: {point:?} vs {zr}");
-            assert!((point[1] as f64 - zi).abs() < tol, "im: {point:?} vs {zi}");
-            let (pr, pi) = naive_cpow(zr, zi, power.0, power.1);
-            let nzr = pr + c_re;
-            let nzi = pi + c_im;
-            zr = nzr;
-            zi = nzi;
-        }
     }
 }

src/fractal/share.rs

@@ -21,40 +21,31 @@ pub struct ShareState {
     pub half_height: f64,
     pub iterations: u32,
     pub julia_c: (f64, f64),
-    /// Distortion constant for the Phoenix kind (ignored by others).
-    pub phoenix_p: (f64, f64),
-    /// Distortion constant for the Lambda kind (ignored by others).
-    pub lambda_l: (f64, f64),
-    /// Complex exponent for the Complex Multibrot kind (ignored by others).
-    pub complex_power: (f64, f64),
     pub color_scale: f32,
     pub color_offset: f32,
     /// Palette index (`palette_id` in the shader).
     pub palette: u32,
-    /// Shadow palette index (`shadow_palette_id` in the shader).
-    pub shadow_palette: u32,
 }
 
 impl ShareState {
     pub fn encode(&self) -> String {
         let mut s = String::new();
         s.push_str(if self.julia { "m=j" } else { "m=m" });
-        s.push_str(&format!("&f={}", self.kind.share_tag()));
+        s.push_str(&format!("&f={}", match self.kind {
+            FractalKind::Mandelbrot => "mandel",
+            FractalKind::BurningShip => "burning",
+            FractalKind::Multibrot => "multi",
+            FractalKind::Tricorn => "tricorn",
+        }));
         s.push_str(&format!("&pw={}", self.power));
         s.push_str(&format!(
             "&re={}&im={}&hh={}&it={}",
             self.center_re, self.center_im, self.half_height, self.iterations
         ));
         s.push_str(&format!("&jr={}&ji={}", self.julia_c.0, self.julia_c.1));
-        s.push_str(&format!("&px={}&py={}", self.phoenix_p.0, self.phoenix_p.1));
-        s.push_str(&format!("&lx={}&ly={}", self.lambda_l.0, self.lambda_l.1));
         s.push_str(&format!(
-            "&cpr={}&cpi={}",
+            "&cs={}&co={}&pal={}",
-            self.complex_power.0, self.complex_power.1
+            self.color_scale, self.color_offset, self.palette
-        ));
-        s.push_str(&format!(
-            "&cs={}&co={}&pal={}&spal={}",
-            self.color_scale, self.color_offset, self.palette, self.shadow_palette
         ));
         s
     }
@@ -72,7 +63,13 @@ impl ShareState {
             julia: map.get("m").map(|m| *m == "j").unwrap_or(false),
             kind: map
                 .get("f")
-                .and_then(|f| FractalKind::from_share_tag(f))
+                .map(|f| match *f {
+                    "mandel" => FractalKind::Mandelbrot,
+                    "multi" => FractalKind::Multibrot,
+                    "burning" => FractalKind::BurningShip,
+                    "tricorn" => FractalKind::Tricorn,
+                    _ => FractalKind::Mandelbrot
+                })
                 .unwrap_or(FractalKind::Mandelbrot),
             power: map.get("pw").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(2),
             center_re: (*map.get("re")?).to_string(),
@@ -83,22 +80,9 @@ impl ShareState {
                 map.get("jr").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(-0.8),
                 map.get("ji").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.156),
             ),
-            phoenix_p: (
-                map.get("px").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(-0.5),
-                map.get("py").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.0),
-            ),
-            lambda_l: (
-                map.get("lx").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(-0.5),
-                map.get("ly").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.0),
-            ),
-            complex_power: (
-                map.get("cpr").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(2.0),
-                map.get("cpi").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.0),
-            ),
             color_scale: map.get("cs").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.02),
             color_offset: map.get("co").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.0),
             palette: map.get("pal").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0),
-            shadow_palette: map.get("spal").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -111,20 +95,16 @@ mod tests {
     fn round_trip() {
         let s = ShareState {
             julia: true,
-            kind: FractalKind::Phoenix,
+            kind: FractalKind::Multibrot,
             power: 5,
             center_re: "-0.743643887037158704752191506114774".into(),
             center_im: "0.131825904205311970493132056385139".into(),
             half_height: 1.5e-20,
             iterations: 4000,
             julia_c: (-0.123, 0.745),
-            phoenix_p: (-0.5, 0.1),
-            lambda_l: (-0.5, 0.0),
-            complex_power: (2.5, 0.3),
             color_scale: 0.02,
             color_offset: 0.25,
             palette: 3,
-            shadow_palette: 1,
         };
         let d = ShareState::decode(&s.encode()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(d.julia, s.julia);
@@ -135,10 +115,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(d.half_height, s.half_height);
         assert_eq!(d.iterations, s.iterations);
         assert_eq!(d.julia_c, s.julia_c);
-        assert_eq!(d.phoenix_p, s.phoenix_p);
-        assert_eq!(d.complex_power, s.complex_power);
         assert_eq!(d.palette, s.palette);
-        assert_eq!(d.shadow_palette, s.shadow_palette);
     }
 
     #[test]

src/headless.rs

@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-// Headless PNG rendering: parse the CLI, build the exact same view/state the
-// windowed app would from it, then render straight to a file. No window, no
-// event loop, no worker-thread debounce (nothing to debounce for a one-shot
-// render); it just creates its own wgpu device, computes the reference orbit
-// once, and renders through the same `ExportRender` path the "Export PNG"
-// button uses.
-
-use eframe::egui_wgpu::wgpu;
-
-use crate::app::{FractalApp, unix_timestamp};
-use crate::cli::Cli;
-use crate::fractal::{ExportRender, FractalRenderer, ShareState, export_to_png_blocking};
-use crate::view::{
-    ViewState, big_from_decimal_str, interpolate_f64, interpolate_view, parse_view_spec,
-    precision_for,
-};
-
-/// Cap on the output image dimension (px), to stay within GPU texture limits.
-const MAX_DIM: u32 = 8192 * 16;
-
-pub fn run(cli: Cli) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if cli.buddhabrot {
-        return Err("headless mode doesn't support --buddhabrot yet".into());
-    }
-
-    let width = cli.width.clamp(16, MAX_DIM);
-    let height = cli.height.clamp(16, MAX_DIM);
-
-    // These drive the animation path below; grab them before `apply_cli`
-    // consumes `cli` to build the start state.
-    let to_view = cli.to_view.clone();
-    let to_share = cli.to_share.clone();
-    let to_iterations = cli.to_iterations;
-    let frames_arg = cli.frames;
-    let fps = cli.fps;
-    let duration = cli.duration;
-    let linear = cli.linear;
-    let export_path = cli.export_path.clone();
-
-    let mut app = FractalApp::default_state();
-    app.apply_cli(cli);
-
-    if to_view.is_some() || to_share.is_some() {
-        return run_animation(
-            app,
-            to_view,
-            to_share,
-            to_iterations,
-            frames_arg,
-            fps,
-            duration,
-            linear,
-            width,
-            height,
-            export_path,
-        );
-    }
-
-    let export_path = export_path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("fractal-{}.png", unix_timestamp()));
-
-    eprintln!("computing reference orbit…");
-    app.compute_reference_blocking();
-
-    let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(request_device())?;
-    let format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm;
-    let renderer = FractalRenderer::new(&device, format);
-    let uniforms = app.make_uniforms(width as f64 / height as f64);
-    let (pipeline, bind_group_layout, format) = renderer.export_handles(&device, &uniforms);
-
-    let er = ExportRender::new(
-        &device,
-        &queue,
-        pipeline,
-        &bind_group_layout,
-        format,
-        width,
-        height,
-        uniforms,
-        app.reference_points(),
-        app.lights(),
-    );
-
-    eprintln!("rendering {width}×{height}…");
-    let png = export_to_png_blocking(&device, &queue, &er, |phase, fraction| {
-        eprint!("\r{phase} {:>3.0}%", fraction * 100.0);
-    });
-    eprintln!();
-
-    std::fs::write(&export_path, &png).map_err(|e| format!("save failed: {e}"))?;
-    println!("saved {export_path} ({width}×{height})");
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Render a sequence of frames sweeping the camera from the app's current
-/// (start) view to an end view, for feeding into ffmpeg. Everything other
-/// than the view (kind, colors, iteration cap policy, ...) stays fixed at
-/// whatever `apply_cli` set up for the start; only the camera moves.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn run_animation(
-    mut app: FractalApp,
-    to_view: Option<String>,
-    to_share: Option<String>,
-    mut to_iterations: Option<u32>,
-    frames_arg: Option<u32>,
-    fps: f64,
-    duration: Option<f64>,
-    linear: bool,
-    width: u32,
-    height: u32,
-    export_path: Option<String>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let frames = match frames_arg {
-        Some(n) => n,
-        None => {
-            let dur = duration.ok_or("animation needs --frames, or --duration (with --fps)")?;
-            ((fps * dur).round() as u32).max(2)
-        }
-    };
-    if frames < 2 {
-        return Err("animation needs at least 2 frames".into());
-    }
-
-    let (to, to_iterations_share) =
-        parse_animation_target(to_view.as_deref(), to_share.as_deref())?;
-    if to_iterations.is_none()
-        && let Some(to_iterations_share) = to_iterations_share
-    {
-        to_iterations = Some(to_iterations_share);
-    }
-    let from = app.view_state().clone();
-    let from_iterations = app.max_iterations();
-    if to_iterations.is_none() {
-        // Iteration count auto-scales with zoom depth per frame, the same way it
-        // does while zooming interactively — no need to interpolate it by hand.
-        app.set_auto_iterations(true);
-    }
-
-    let out_dir = export_path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("frames-{}", unix_timestamp()));
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&out_dir).map_err(|e| format!("failed to create {out_dir}: {e}"))?;
-
-    let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(request_device())?;
-    let format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm;
-    let renderer = FractalRenderer::new(&device, format);
-    // Only the camera animates, so the shader specialization (kind, Julia,
-    // DE) is the same for every frame.
-    let (pipeline, bind_group_layout, format) =
-        renderer.export_handles(&device, &app.make_uniforms(width as f64 / height as f64));
-
-    for i in 0..frames {
-        let raw_t = i as f64 / (frames - 1) as f64;
-        let t = if linear { raw_t } else { smoothstep(raw_t) };
-        if let Some(to) = to_iterations {
-            app.set_max_iterations(
-                interpolate_f64(from_iterations as f64, to as f64, t).round() as u32,
-            );
-        }
-        app.set_view(interpolate_view(&from, &to, t));
-
-        eprintln!("[{:>4}/{frames}] computing reference orbit…", i + 1);
-        app.compute_reference_blocking();
-
-        let uniforms = app.make_uniforms(width as f64 / height as f64);
-        let er = ExportRender::new(
-            &device,
-            &queue,
-            pipeline.clone(),
-            &bind_group_layout,
-            format,
-            width,
-            height,
-            uniforms,
-            app.reference_points(),
-            app.lights(),
-        );
-
-        let png = export_to_png_blocking(&device, &queue, &er, |phase, fraction| {
-            eprint!(
-                "\r[{:>4}/{frames}] {phase} {:>3.0}%",
-                i + 1,
-                fraction * 100.0
-            );
-        });
-        eprintln!();
-
-        let path = format!("{out_dir}/frame-{:05}.png", i + 1);
-        std::fs::write(&path, &png).map_err(|e| format!("save failed: {e}"))?;
-    }
-
-    println!("saved {frames} frames to {out_dir}/ ({width}×{height})");
-    println!(
-        "tip: ffmpeg -framerate {fps} -i {out_dir}/frame-%05d.png -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p out.mp4"
-    );
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Parse `--to-view`/`--to-share` (exactly one must be set) into the end
-/// view of an animation. Only position/zoom/iterations are pulled from a
-/// share fragment — the rest of its state (kind, colors, ...) is ignored, so
-/// pasting a link from the app doesn't unexpectedly change the fractal kind
-/// mid-animation.
-fn parse_animation_target(
-    to_view: Option<&str>,
-    to_share: Option<&str>,
-) -> Result<(ViewState, Option<u32>), String> {
-    if let Some(spec) = to_view {
-        return parse_view_spec(spec).ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid --to-view spec: {spec}"));
-    }
-    let frag = to_share.expect("run_animation only called with one of to_view/to_share set");
-    let state =
-        ShareState::decode(frag).ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid --to-share fragment: {frag}"))?;
-    let bits = precision_for(state.half_height);
-    let re =
-        big_from_decimal_str(&state.center_re, bits).ok_or("invalid --to-share center (re)")?;
-    let im =
-        big_from_decimal_str(&state.center_im, bits).ok_or("invalid --to-share center (im)")?;
-    Ok((
-        ViewState::with_center(re, im, state.half_height),
-        Some(state.iterations),
-    ))
-}
-
-/// Ease-in/ease-out pacing: slow at both ends, fast through the middle.
-fn smoothstep(t: f64) -> f64 {
-    t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t)
-}
-
-/// Set up a wgpu device with no surface/window attached, matching the limits
-/// `main::wgpu_options` requests for the windowed app (the fractal fragment
-/// shader needs storage buffers, which downlevel/WebGL-style limits disallow).
-async fn request_device() -> Result<(wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue), String> {
-    let instance = wgpu::Instance::default();
-    let adapter = instance
-        .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions::default())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|e| format!("no compatible GPU adapter: {e}"))?;
-    adapter
-        .request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
-            label: Some("headless fractal device"),
-            required_features: wgpu::Features::empty(),
-            required_limits: adapter.limits(),
-            ..Default::default()
-        })
-        .await
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create device: {e}"))
-}

src/lights.rs

@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-use std::f32::consts::PI;
-
-use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
-use egui::{Color32, Ui};
-
-/// Maximum number of simultaneous lights.
-pub const MAX_LIGHT_COUNT: usize = 16;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Zeroable, Pod)]
-#[repr(C)]
-pub struct Light {
-    pub azimuth: f32,
-    pub altitude: f32,
-    pub color: Color32,
-    pub _pad: u32,
-}
-
-impl Default for Light {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            azimuth: PI / 4.,
-            altitude: PI / 4.,
-            color: Color32::WHITE,
-            _pad: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Light {
-    pub fn widget(&mut self, ui: &mut Ui) -> bool {
-        let formater = |v, _| format!("{}°", ((v * 180. / std::f64::consts::PI) as u32));
-        let parser = |s: &str| {
-            s.parse::<u32>()
-                .ok()
-                .map(|x| x as f64 * std::f64::consts::PI / 180.)
-        };
-        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-            let del = ui.button("-").clicked();
-            ui.label("color:");
-            ui.color_edit_button_srgba(&mut self.color);
-            ui.label("θ:");
-            ui.add(
-                egui::DragValue::new(&mut self.azimuth)
-                    .range(0.0..=PI * 2.)
-                    .custom_formatter(formater)
-                    .custom_parser(parser)
-                    .speed(0.02),
-            );
-            ui.label("φ:");
-            ui.add(
-                egui::DragValue::new(&mut self.altitude)
-                    .range(0.0..=PI / 2.)
-                    .custom_formatter(formater)
-                    .custom_parser(parser)
-                    .speed(0.02),
-            );
-
-            del
-        })
-        .inner
-    }
-}
-
-/// GPU-side light, matching WGSL `Light` in `iterate_uniforms.wgsl`: the unit
-/// direction toward the light (precomputed from azimuth/altitude so the
-/// shader does no per-pixel trig) plus the packed RGBA colour, whose alpha is
-/// the intensity. 16 bytes, so `array<Light, 16>` has a uniform-legal stride.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Zeroable, Pod, Default)]
-#[repr(C)]
-pub struct GpuLight {
-    pub dir: [f32; 3],
-    pub color: Color32,
-}
-
-/// The light buffer's contents: the UI lights with a non-zero colour (the
-/// only ones that contribute, and the ones the filmic white point counts),
-/// packed to the front, plus how many there are (`Uniforms::light_count`).
-pub fn gpu_lights(lights: &[Light]) -> ([GpuLight; MAX_LIGHT_COUNT], u32) {
-    let mut out = [GpuLight::default(); MAX_LIGHT_COUNT];
-    let mut n = 0;
-    for l in lights.iter().filter(|l| l.color != Color32::TRANSPARENT) {
-        if n == MAX_LIGHT_COUNT {
-            break;
-        }
-        let (sa, ca) = l.altitude.sin_cos();
-        let (sz, cz) = l.azimuth.sin_cos();
-        out[n] = GpuLight {
-            dir: [cz * ca, sz * ca, sa],
-            color: l.color,
-        };
-        n += 1;
-    }
-    (out, n as u32)
-}

src/main.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-// Without these, rust fails to infer Send/Sync trait impls
-// Probably caused by the new trait solver
-#![recursion_limit = "256"]
-
 // Fractal Explorer — Rust + wgpu + egui + WGSL deep-zoom Mandelbrot.
 //
 // A single binary drives both native and web (WASM/WebGPU) builds; the two
@@ -9,15 +5,9 @@
 // and calls the wasm `main`, which boots eframe onto the page's <canvas>.
 
 mod app;
-mod camera;
 mod fractal;
-mod lights;
 mod view;
 
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-mod cli;
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-mod headless;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 mod worker;
 
@@ -35,12 +25,13 @@ fn wgpu_options() -> eframe::egui_wgpu::WgpuConfiguration {
 
     let mut options = eframe::egui_wgpu::WgpuConfiguration::default();
     if let WgpuSetup::CreateNew(setup) = &mut options.wgpu_setup {
-        setup.device_descriptor =
+        setup.device_descriptor = std::sync::Arc::new(|adapter: &wgpu::Adapter| {
-            std::sync::Arc::new(|adapter: &wgpu::Adapter| wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
+            wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
                 label: Some("fractal wgpu device"),
                 required_features: wgpu::Features::empty(),
                 required_limits: adapter.limits(),
                 ..Default::default()
+            }
         });
         #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
         {
@@ -52,24 +43,11 @@ fn wgpu_options() -> eframe::egui_wgpu::WgpuConfiguration {
 
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 fn main() -> eframe::Result {
-    use clap::Parser as _;
-
     env_logger::builder()
         .filter_level(log::LevelFilter::Info)
         .parse_default_env()
         .init();
 
-    let cli = cli::Cli::parse();
-    if cli.headless {
-        return match headless::run(cli) {
-            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-            Err(e) => {
-                eprintln!("error: {e}");
-                std::process::exit(1);
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
     let native_options = eframe::NativeOptions {
         renderer: eframe::Renderer::Wgpu,
         wgpu_options: wgpu_options(),
@@ -123,7 +101,9 @@ fn main() {
             match result {
                 Ok(_) => loading.remove(),
                 Err(e) => {
-                    loading.set_inner_html(&format!("<p>The app has crashed.</br>{e:?}</p>"));
+                    loading.set_inner_html(
+                        "<p>The app has crashed. See the developer console for details.</p>",
+                    );
                     log::error!("failed to start eframe: {e:?}");
                 }
             }

src/shaders/blit.wgsl

@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@ struct VsOut {
 
 @vertex
 fn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) idx: u32) -> VsOut {
-    let p = fullscreen_triangle_pos(idx);
+    var verts = array<vec2<f32>, 3>(
+        vec2<f32>(-1.0, -1.0),
+        vec2<f32>(3.0, -1.0),
+        vec2<f32>(-1.0, 3.0),
+    );
+    let p = verts[idx];
     var out: VsOut;
     out.pos = vec4<f32>(p, 0.0, 1.0);
     // Map NDC to texture UV. v is flipped so the cache's top row (rendered at

src/shaders/buddhabrot.wgsl

@@ -1,289 +0,0 @@
-// Buddhabrot / Nebulabrot rendering: a Monte-Carlo density histogram of
-// escaping orbits, accumulated progressively across frames by a compute pass,
-// then tone-mapped to colour by a fragment pass every frame.
-//
-// This does NOT use the deep-zoom perturbation/reference-orbit machinery in
-// mandelbrot.wgsl: Buddhabrot's structure is a global Monte-Carlo property of
-// the whole basin (a random sample's orbit scatters across the *whole* image,
-// not just its own pixel), so the "gather" per-pixel model doesn't apply, and
-// deep zoom isn't meaningful for it the way it is for the escape-time set.
-// Samples are iterated directly in f32 from the current view's bounds.
-//
-// Sampling convention: for KIND_LAMBDA the formula z -> l*z*(1-z) has no `c`
-// term at all (l is a fixed distortion constant, not a per-sample parameter),
-// so the randomly sampled point instead seeds z0 (a "Julia-Buddhabrot" over
-// z0 with l fixed). Every other kind samples c with z0 = 0, matching its
-// ordinary parameter plane.
-//
-// A sample's orbit is only plotted if it escapes within b_cap iterations (the
-// classic Buddhabrot rule: only escaping orbits are drawn). Its points are
-// then splat into up to three histogram channels by cap (r_cap <= g_cap <=
-// b_cap): fast-escaping (common) orbits light all three channels (bright),
-// slow-escaping (rare) orbits only light the b_cap channel — the classic
-// Nebulabrot false-colour split.
-//
-// Two-pass iteration avoids needing a per-thread orbit buffer sized to
-// max_iter: the first pass just finds the escape iteration (if any); the
-// second replays the same orbit from scratch, splatting each point.
-
-struct Uniforms {
-    center: vec2<f32>,
-    half_height: f32,
-    aspect: f32,
-    phoenix_p: vec2<f32>,
-    lambda_l: vec2<f32>,
-    bailout_sq: f32,
-    kind: u32,
-    power: u32,
-    r_cap: u32,
-    g_cap: u32,
-    b_cap: u32,
-    seed: u32,
-    samples_this_dispatch: u32,
-    exposure: f32,
-    width: u32,
-    height: u32,
-    total_samples: f32,
-    // Tonemap colour style: 0 = classic (R/G/B = raw caps), 1 = nebula
-    // (yellow core, blue halo), 2 = grayscale.
-    palette: u32,
-    // Padding so `complex_power` (a vec2, 8-byte aligned) starts on an
-    // 8-byte boundary. NOT vec3<u32> — that type aligns to 16 bytes in WGSL
-    // (unlike Rust's `[u32; 3]`, which aligns to 4), which silently added 32
-    // bytes instead of 16 and mismatched the Rust struct's size (a wgpu
-    // validation error at dispatch time: "size 96 where the shader expects
-    // 112").
-    _pad0: u32,
-    // Complex exponent for the Complex Multibrot kind; unused by other kinds.
-    complex_power: vec2<f32>,
-};
-
-// Fractal kind, as a pipeline-overridable constant (set per compute pipeline
-// from `u.kind`, see `BuddhabrotRenderer::compute_pipeline`): every kind
-// branch in the iteration loop folds away at pipeline creation. Read this,
-// never `u.kind`.
-override KIND: u32 = 0u;
-
-const PALETTE_NEBULA: u32 = 0u;
-const PALETTE_YELLOW: u32 = 1u;
-const PALETTE_GRAYSCALE: u32 = 2u;
-
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u: Uniforms;
-// Compute pass: read-write atomic histogram (3 planes of width*height, R/G/B).
-@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> histogram: array<atomic<u32>>;
-// Tonemap pass: read-only plain view of the same buffer.
-@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> tm_histogram: array<u32>;
-
-// --- RNG: a small, fast integer hash (WGSL has no native RNG). ---
-fn hash_u32(x: u32) -> u32 {
-    var h = x;
-    h = h ^ (h >> 16u);
-    h = h * 0x7feb352du;
-    h = h ^ (h >> 15u);
-    h = h * 0x846ca68bu;
-    h = h ^ (h >> 16u);
-    return h;
-}
-fn rand01(seed: u32) -> f32 {
-    return f32(hash_u32(seed)) * (1.0 / 4294967295.0);
-}
-
-fn complex_pow(z: vec2<f32>, p: u32) -> vec2<f32> {
-    var r = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0);
-    for (var i: u32 = 0u; i < p; i = i + 1u) {
-        r = cmul(r, z);
-    }
-    return r;
-}
-
-// One iteration step z_n -> z_{n+1} for the current kind. `zp` is the
-// previous iterate (z_{n-1}), used only by the Phoenix two-term recurrence.
-// Must match `FractalKind` in reference.rs (the direct, non-perturbative form
-// of the same formulas).
-fn advance(z: vec2<f32>, zp: vec2<f32>, c: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
-    if KIND == KIND_BURNING_SHIP {
-        return vec2<f32>(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y, 2.0 * abs(z.x * z.y)) + c;
-    } else if KIND == KIND_TRICORN {
-        return vec2<f32>(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y, -2.0 * z.x * z.y) + c;
-    } else if KIND == KIND_MULTIBROT {
-        return complex_pow(z, clamp(u.power, 2u, 8u)) + c;
-    } else if KIND == KIND_CELTIC {
-        return vec2<f32>(abs(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y), 2.0 * z.x * z.y) + c;
-    } else if KIND == KIND_PERPENDICULAR {
-        return vec2<f32>(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y, -2.0 * z.x * abs(z.y)) + c;
-    } else if KIND == KIND_BUFFALO {
-        return vec2<f32>(abs(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y), -abs(2.0 * z.x * z.y)) + c;
-    } else if KIND == KIND_PHOENIX {
-        let sq = vec2<f32>(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y, 2.0 * z.x * z.y);
-        return sq + c + cmul(u.phoenix_p, zp);
-    } else if KIND == KIND_LAMBDA {
-        // l * z * (1 - z); c is unused (see file doc comment above).
-        return cmul(u.lambda_l, cmul(z, vec2<f32>(1.0 - z.x, -z.y)));
-    } else if KIND == KIND_COMPLEX_MULTIBROT {
-        return cpow(z, u.complex_power) + c;
-    }
-    return vec2<f32>(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y, 2.0 * z.x * z.y) + c; // Mandelbrot
-}
-
-// Map a complex-plane point to a flat pixel index, or -1 if outside the
-// current viewport (the sampling region and the display region are the same).
-//
-// This must be the exact inverse of how `view.rs::pan_pixels`/`zoom_at_pixel`
-// relate screen pixels to world points (those are the confirmed-correct,
-// user-tested ground truth — NOT the shader-comment-derived convention tried
-// here previously, which was wrong: dragging/zooming treat +y screen exactly
-// like +x, no flip, so screen-down means im *increasing*, not decreasing).
-fn pixel_index(p: vec2<f32>) -> i32 {
-    let half_w = u.half_height * u.aspect;
-    let uu = (p.x - u.center.x) / half_w * 0.5 + 0.5;
-    let vv = 0.5 + (p.y - u.center.y) / u.half_height * 0.5;
-    if uu < 0.0 || uu >= 1.0 || vv < 0.0 || vv >= 1.0 {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    let px = i32(uu * f32(u.width));
-    let py = i32(vv * f32(u.height));
-    return py * i32(u.width) + px;
-}
-
-// Splat one visited orbit point into the R/G/B histogram planes it qualifies
-// for by the orbit's total escape iteration `n` (nested caps: a fast escape
-// lights all three; only a slow, rare one lights just the blue plane).
-fn splat(p: vec2<f32>, n: u32) {
-    let idx = pixel_index(p);
-    if idx < 0 {
-        return;
-    }
-    let plane = i32(u.width) * i32(u.height);
-    if n <= u.b_cap {
-        atomicAdd(&histogram[idx + 2 * plane], 1u);
-    }
-    if n <= u.g_cap {
-        atomicAdd(&histogram[idx + plane], 1u);
-    }
-    if n <= u.r_cap {
-        atomicAdd(&histogram[idx], 1u);
-    }
-}
-
-@compute @workgroup_size(64)
-fn cs_main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) gid: vec3<u32>) {
-    if gid.x >= u.samples_this_dispatch {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let base = hash_u32(gid.x ^ (u.seed * 0x9e3779b9u));
-    let rx = rand01(base);
-    let ry = rand01(hash_u32(base ^ 0x68bc21ebu));
-    let half_w = u.half_height * u.aspect;
-    let sample = vec2<f32>(
-        u.center.x + (rx * 2.0 - 1.0) * half_w,
-        u.center.y + (ry * 2.0 - 1.0) * u.half_height,
-    );
-
-    var c = sample;
-    var z0 = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    if KIND == KIND_LAMBDA {
-        c = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0); // unused by the Lambda step
-        z0 = sample;
-    }
-
-    // First pass: just find the escape iteration (if any).
-    var zp = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    var z = z0;
-    var n: u32 = 0u;
-    var escaped = false;
-    loop {
-        if dot(z, z) > u.bailout_sq {
-            escaped = true;
-            break;
-        }
-        if n >= u.b_cap {
-            break;
-        }
-        let next = advance(z, zp, c);
-        zp = z;
-        z = next;
-        n = n + 1u;
-    }
-    if !escaped || n == 0u {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Second pass: replay the same orbit, splatting each visited point.
-    // z0 itself is not splat: it's the same fixed point (0,0), or the sample
-    // itself for Lambda, for every orbit — plotting it would just spike the
-    // origin instead of showing the orbit's actual shape.
-    zp = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    z = z0;
-    for (var i: u32 = 0u; i < n; i = i + 1u) {
-        let next = advance(z, zp, c);
-        zp = z;
-        z = next;
-        splat(z, n);
-    }
-}
-
-// --- Tonemap: histogram counts -> colour, drawn as a fullscreen triangle. ---
-
-@vertex
-fn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) idx: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> {
-    return vec4<f32>(fullscreen_triangle_pos(idx), 0.0, 1.0);
-}
-
-@fragment
-fn fs_tonemap(@builtin(position) pos: vec4<f32>) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
-    let x = i32(pos.x);
-    let y = i32(pos.y);
-    if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= i32(u.width) || y >= i32(u.height) {
-        return vec4<f32>(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-    }
-    let idx = y * i32(u.width) + x;
-    let plane = i32(u.width) * i32(u.height);
-    let r = f32(tm_histogram[idx]);
-    let g = f32(tm_histogram[idx + plane]);
-    let b = f32(tm_histogram[idx + 2 * plane]);
-
-    // Normalize by the *average* density (total samples / pixel count) rather
-    // than total samples alone, so the scale stays sane across widget sizes
-    // and sample-dispatch rates. Buddhabrot density is extremely peaked (the
-    // brightest pixels run tens of times the average), so the compressive
-    // exponential tonemap only needs a small fraction of the average to reach
-    // full brightness at those peaks; 0.05 is a hand-tuned starting point,
-    // the exposure slider covers the rest.
-    let avg_density = max(u.total_samples / f32(u.width * u.height), 1.0e-6);
-    let scale = u.exposure * 0.05 / avg_density;
-    // Per-cap brightness, each already compressed to [0,1]. Nested caps mean
-    // r <= g <= b pointwise (every orbit counted in a smaller cap is also
-    // counted in every larger one), so fb alone is the full escaping-orbit
-    // density and fr picks out just the common, fast-escaping ones.
-    let fr = 1.0 - exp(-r * scale);
-    let fg = 1.0 - exp(-g * scale);
-    let fb = 1.0 - exp(-b * scale);
-
-    var col: vec3<f32>;
-    if u.palette == PALETTE_YELLOW {
-        // fr is *not* a good stand-alone brightness signal: with c sampled
-        // uniformly over the whole viewport, nearly every sample outside the
-        // set escapes within a handful of iterations and splats a couple of
-        // points near itself, so fr is a near-uniform wash across the entire
-        // image (not concentrated near the boundary the way fb is) — adding
-        // it directly (tried first, both raw and gamma-lifted) drags that
-        // wash up to full brightness and floods the background with solid
-        // colour. Instead use it as a *multiplicative* warm (yellow) tint on
-        // top of fb's brightness, so it only shows up where fb is already
-        // bright (i.e. real near-boundary density) and stays near-zero across
-        // the background (fb ≈ 0 there, so warmth * fb ≈ 0 regardless of fr).
-        col = vec3<f32>(
-            fb + fb * fr * 1.3,
-            fb + fb * fr * 0.6,
-            fb,
-        );
-    } else if u.palette == PALETTE_GRAYSCALE {
-        // fb is the full escaping-orbit density (the cumulative superset);
-        // reuse it directly as a single luminance channel.
-        col = vec3<f32>(fb, fb, fb);
-    } else {
-        col = vec3<f32>(fr, fg, fb); // classic: raw per-cap R/G/B
-    }
-    return vec4<f32>(clamp(col, vec3<f32>(0.0), vec3<f32>(1.0)), 1.0);
-}

src/shaders/colorize.wgsl

@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-// Colourise pass: map the iteration pass's per-pixel escape data (from
-// `mandelbrot.wgsl`'s `fs_data`) through the palette. This is the only
-// color-dependent step, so changing the palette / colour scale / offset (e.g.
-// colour cycling) re-runs just this cheap pass — the expensive perturbation
-// iteration in the data texture is reused untouched.
-//
-// The data texture holds, per texel: R = ci (palette parameter), G = DE
-// darkening factor, B = interior fraction (for boundary anti-aliasing). It is
-// the same resolution as this pass's target, so we read it with `textureLoad`
-// at the fragment's integer pixel coordinate (nearest — iteration data must not
-// be linearly filtered across escape boundaries).
-
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u: Uniforms;
-@group(0) @binding(1) var data_tex: texture_2d<f32>;
-@group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> lights: array<Light, 16>;
-
-@vertex
-fn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) idx: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> {
-    return vec4<f32>(fullscreen_triangle_pos(idx), 0.0, 1.0);
-}
-
-fn shadow_fragment(pos: vec2<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
-    let x = i32(pos.x);
-    let y = i32(pos.y);
-    let size = textureDimensions(data_tex);
-    let here = textureLoad(data_tex, vec2<i32>(x, y), 0);
-    if here.b != 0. {
-        return vec4<f32>(shadow_interior_color(), 1.0);
-    }
-    // Forward differences, except on the last column/row where x+1 / y+1
-    // is off the texture: fall back to a backward difference, mirrored
-    // (h0 + (h0 - h[-1])) so the slope keeps the sign normal_from_heights
-    // expects — plugging h[-1] in directly would flip the normal there.
-    let h0 = here.g;
-    var h1: f32;
-    if x + 1 < i32(size.x) {
-        h1 = textureLoad(data_tex, vec2<i32>(x + 1, y), 0).g;
-    } else {
-        h1 = 2.0 * h0 - textureLoad(data_tex, vec2<i32>(x - 1, y), 0).g;
-    }
-    var h2: f32;
-    if y + 1 < i32(size.y) {
-        h2 = textureLoad(data_tex, vec2<i32>(x, y + 1), 0).g;
-    } else {
-        h2 = 2.0 * h0 - textureLoad(data_tex, vec2<i32>(x, y - 1), 0).g;
-    }
-    let normal = normal_from_heights(h0, h1, h2);
-    return vec4<f32>(shadow_color(normal, here.r), 1.0);
-}
-
-@fragment
-fn fs_main(@builtin(position) pos: vec4<f32>) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
-    if u.shadow == 2u {
-        return ray_marching(pos);
-    } else if u.shadow == 1u {
-        return shadow_fragment(pos.xy);
-    } else {
-        let d = textureLoad(data_tex, vec2<i32>(i32(pos.x), i32(pos.y)), 0);
-        let ci = d.r;
-        let de = d.g;
-        let interior_frac = d.b;
-
-        var col = classic_color(ci, de);
-        // Anti-alias the set boundary: fade toward black by the fraction of the
-        // pixel's sub-samples that landed in the interior.
-        col = col * (1.0 - interior_frac);
-        return vec4<f32>(col, 1.0);
-    }
-}
-
-// Colour of rays that miss the fractal's footprint.
-const RAY_MISS: vec4<f32> = vec4<f32>(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-
-// Per-frame constants of the raymarch, computed once per pixel in
-// `ray_marching` rather than on each of the up-to-100 `sdf` steps.
-struct MarchConsts {
-    size: vec2<f32>,
-    // (size.x / aspect_ratio, size.y): world xy -> texel scale.
-    to_texel: vec2<f32>,
-    size_i: vec2<i32>,
-    inv_size_y: f32,
-};
-
-fn sdf(pos: vec3<f32>, k: MarchConsts) -> f32 {
-    let texture_pos_f32 = pos.xy * k.to_texel;
-    let texture_pos = clamp(vec2<i32>(texture_pos_f32), vec2<i32>(0, 0), k.size_i - vec2<i32>(1, 1));
-
-    let to_texture = max(-min(texture_pos_f32, vec2(0.)), max(texture_pos_f32 - k.size, vec2(0.)));
-    let dist_to_texture = length(to_texture) * k.inv_size_y;
-
-    let px = textureLoad(data_tex, texture_pos, 0);
-    let de = (px.g * k.inv_size_y) * 0.5;
-    // Height is measured toward -z, the side the camera sits on (it looks
-    // along +z), so the terrain is solid on +z: interior plateau at z = 0,
-    // exterior sloping away from the camera as `de` grows.
-    let signed_z = -pos.z;
-    let z = max(signed_z, 0.);
-    var d: f32;
-    if px.b != 0. {
-        d = z;
-    } else {
-        d = min(sqrt(z * z + de * de), signed_z + 1. - exp(-de * 5.));
-    }
-    // Outside the texture footprint, `d` is the distance from the clamped
-    // point q on the footprint's edge. The terrain lies over the (convex)
-    // footprint, so |p - x|² ≥ |q - x|² + |p - q|² for every terrain point x:
-    // combine in quadrature (not by adding, which overshoots). p can't be in
-    // the solid out here, so a negative `d` counts as 0.
-    if dist_to_texture > 0. {
-        let d_pos = max(d, 0.);
-        return sqrt(d_pos * d_pos + dist_to_texture * dist_to_texture);
-    }
-    return d;
-}
-
-fn ray_marching(pos: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
-    let size_i = vec2<i32>(textureDimensions(data_tex));
-    let size = vec2<f32>(size_i);
-    let aspect_ratio = u.screen_dim.x / u.screen_dim.y;
-    let k = MarchConsts(size, vec2<f32>(size.x / aspect_ratio, size.y), size_i, 1.0 / size.y);
-
-    let in_texture = vec2<f32>(
-        (pos.x / size.x) * 2. - 1.,
-        (pos.y / size.y) * 2. - 1.,
-    );
-
-    var world_pos = u.camera_inv_proj * vec4<f32>(in_texture, 0., 1.0);
-
-    let ray_origin = world_pos.xyz;
-    let ray_dir = u.camera_direction;
-
-    // Start where the ray crosses z = 0, the topmost possible surface (the
-    // camera pitch is clamped short of ±90°, so ray_dir.z > 0).
-    let start = ray_origin - ray_dir * (ray_origin.z / ray_dir.z);
-
-    // The terrain only exists over the footprint x in [0, aspect],
-    // y in [0, 1]: clip the ray's xy to it up front, so rays that miss it cost
-    // nothing and the rest start marching at its edge. A huge finite 1/d on
-    // an axis the ray doesn't move along (top-down, during the 2D <-> 3D
-    // transition) keeps the slab maths finite.
-    let inv = select(1.0 / ray_dir.xy, vec2<f32>(1e30), abs(ray_dir.xy) < vec2<f32>(1e-20));
-    let ta = -start.xy * inv;
-    let tb = (vec2<f32>(aspect_ratio, 1.0) - start.xy) * inv;
-    let t_leave = min(max(ta.x, tb.x), max(ta.y, tb.y));
-    var t = max(max(min(ta.x, tb.x), min(ta.y, tb.y)), 0.0);
-    if t >= t_leave {
-        return RAY_MISS;
-    }
-
-    // About 1/50 of a texel at typical sizes: tighter only adds steps
-    // without visibly moving the hit.
-    let dist_threshold = 0.00001;
-    var hit = false;
-    for (var i = 0u; i < 100u; i++) {
-        let dist = sdf(start + t * ray_dir, k);
-        if dist < dist_threshold {
-            hit = true;
-            break;
-        }
-        t += dist;
-        // Past the footprint's far edge: nothing left to hit.
-        if t >= t_leave {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    // Shade outside the loop, so its registers don't weigh on the march.
-    if !hit {
-        return RAY_MISS;
-    }
-    return shadow_fragment((start.xy + t * ray_dir.xy) * k.to_texel);
-}

src/shaders/common.wgsl

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-// Shared helpers, concatenated into every shader at build time via
-// `concat!`/`include_str!` (see renderer.rs / buddhabrot.rs). Keep this file
-// free of anything that differs between pipelines (e.g. a `Uniforms` struct —
-// mandelbrot/colorize and buddhabrot each have their own shape) since every
-// shader gets the whole thing spliced in.
-
-// Fullscreen triangle vertex position: one triangle that covers the whole
-// viewport (cheaper than a quad's two), shared by every full-screen vertex
-// shader in this project.
-fn fullscreen_triangle_pos(idx: u32) -> vec2<f32> {
-    var verts = array<vec2<f32>, 3>(
-        vec2<f32>(-1.0, -1.0),
-        vec2<f32>(3.0, -1.0),
-        vec2<f32>(-1.0, 3.0),
-    );
-    return verts[idx];
-}
-
-// Complex multiply.
-fn cmul(a: vec2<f32>, b: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
-    return vec2<f32>(a.x * b.x - a.y * b.y, a.x * b.y + a.y * b.x);
-}
-
-// z^p for a complex exponent p, via the principal branch z^p = exp(p * ln z),
-// ln z = ln|z| + i*arg(z). z = 0 maps to 0 (the correct limit for the
-// Re(p) > 0 region the UI exposes; ln(0) would otherwise be -inf).
-fn cpow(z: vec2<f32>, p: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
-    let r2 = dot(z, z);
-    if r2 < 1e-30 {
-        return vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    }
-    let ln_r = 0.5 * log(r2);
-    let theta = atan2(z.y, z.x);
-    let mag = exp(p.x * ln_r - p.y * theta);
-    let ang = p.x * theta + p.y * ln_r;
-    return mag * vec2<f32>(cos(ang), sin(ang));
-}
-
-// Iteration formula selector, shared by the perturbation (mandelbrot.wgsl)
-// and direct (buddhabrot.wgsl) iteration paths. Must match `FractalKind` in
-// reference.rs.
-const KIND_MANDELBROT: u32 = 0u;
-const KIND_BURNING_SHIP: u32 = 1u;
-const KIND_TRICORN: u32 = 2u;
-const KIND_MULTIBROT: u32 = 3u;
-const KIND_CELTIC: u32 = 4u;
-const KIND_PERPENDICULAR: u32 = 5u;
-const KIND_BUFFALO: u32 = 6u;
-const KIND_PHOENIX: u32 = 7u;
-const KIND_LAMBDA: u32 = 8u;
-const KIND_COMPLEX_MULTIBROT: u32 = 9u;

src/shaders/iterate_uniforms.wgsl

@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-// Shared by mandelbrot.wgsl (writes the per-pixel data texture) and
-// colorize.wgsl (reads it): the iteration pass and the colour remap pass
-// must agree on both the uniform layout and the palette function.
-
-// Must match the Rust `Uniforms` struct in renderer.rs field-for-field,
-// including padding.
-struct Uniforms {
-    span: vec2<f32>,
-    max_iter: u32,
-    ref_len: u32,
-    color_offset: f32,
-    color_scale: f32,
-    bailout_sq: f32,
-    is_julia: u32,
-    palette_id: u32,
-    shadow_palette_id: u32,
-    aa_level: u32,
-    // Iteration formula (see the KIND_* constants in common.wgsl).
-    kind: u32,
-    // Exponent for the Multibrot kind.
-    power: u32,
-    dc_offset: vec2<f32>,
-    // Distortion constant p for the Phoenix map (z^2 + c + p*z_{n-1}); unused
-    // by other kinds. Placed by dc_offset so both vec2s stay 8-byte aligned.
-    phoenix_p: vec2<f32>,
-    // Distortion constant l for the Lambda map (l*z(1 - z_{n-1})); unused
-    // by other kinds.
-    lambda_l: vec2<f32>,
-    // Complex exponent for the Complex Multibrot kind (z^power + c); unused
-    // by other kinds.
-    complex_power: vec2<f32>,
-    // 0 = escape-time coloring, 1 = distance-estimation shading.
-    de_coloring: u32,
-    // 0 = classic colors, 1 = shadows, 2 = 3D raymarching rendering
-    shadow: u32,
-    // camera direction vector
-    camera_direction: vec3<f32>,
-    // Number of live entries at the start of `lights` (fills the vec3's tail
-    // padding slot).
-    light_count: u32,
-    // inverse of the camera's view-projection matrix, for reconstructing a
-    // world-space ray origin per pixel in the raymarcher
-    camera_inv_proj: mat4x4<f32>,
-    // Screen dimensions
-    screen_dim: vec2<f32>,
-    // Complex binomial coefficients C(complex_power, k) for k = 1..16, two per
-    // vec4 (k odd in .xy, k even in .zw), for the Complex Multibrot delta
-    // series. Precomputed on the CPU since they only depend on the power.
-    cm_coef: array<vec4<f32>, 8>,
-};
-
-// Smooth cyclic palettes (Inigo Quilez cosine palettes), selected by id.
-fn palette(id: u32, t: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    if id == 4u {
-        return vec3<f32>(t, t, t); // grayscale
-    }
-    let a = vec3<f32>(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
-    let b = vec3<f32>(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
-    var c = vec3<f32>(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-    var d = vec3<f32>(0.00, 0.10, 0.20); // 0: amber / blue
-    if id == 1u {
-        d = vec3<f32>(0.00, 0.33, 0.67); // rainbow
-    } else if id == 2u {
-        d = vec3<f32>(0.30, 0.20, 0.20); // warm ember
-    } else if id == 3u {
-        c = vec3<f32>(1.0, 1.0, 0.5);
-        d = vec3<f32>(0.80, 0.90, 0.30); // lime / magenta
-    }
-    return a + b * cos(6.28318530718 * (c * t + d));
-}
-
-// Classic (non-shadow) escape colouring: palette lookup at the smoothed
-// iteration count `ci`, darkened by the distance-estimate factor `de`
-// (sqrt-compressed so the darkening falls off more gently near the
-// boundary). Shared by the colourise pass's classic branch (colorize.wgsl,
-// applied to an already-averaged data texel) and the PNG-export pass
-// (mandelbrot.wgsl's `fs_color`, applied per sub-sample pre-AA) — the two
-// places a fully escaped point is turned into a final pixel colour.
-fn classic_color(ci: f32, de: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    let t = fract(ci * u.color_scale + u.color_offset);
-    return palette(u.palette_id, t) * sqrt(de);
-}
-
-// A single directional light, built on the CPU from the UI's light list
-// (`GpuLight` in lights.rs): `dir` is the unit direction toward the light
-// (precomputed from azimuth/altitude so the shader does no trig), `color` a
-// packed RGBA8 whose alpha doubles as intensity. Only the first
-// `u.light_count` entries are live, all with a non-zero colour. Each shader
-// that binds a `lights: array<Light, 16>` uniform (colorize.wgsl,
-// mandelbrot.wgsl's export shadow path) uses this same layout.
-struct Light {
-    dir: vec3<f32>,
-    color: u32,
-};
-
-// Lambertian term for a unit `light` direction.
-fn compute_light(normal: vec3<f32>, light: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
-    return vec3<f32>(max(0., dot(normal, light)));
-}
-
-fn uncharted2tonemap(x: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
-    let A = 0.15; // Shoulder strength
-    let B = 0.50; // Linear strength
-    let C = 0.10; // Linear angle
-    let D = 0.20; // Toe strength
-    let E = 0.02; // Toe numerator / shoarder angle/etc.
-    let F = 0.30; // Toe denominator
-
-    return ((x * (A * x + C * B) + D * E) / (x * (A * x + B) + D * F)) - E / F;
-}
-
-fn filmic(color: vec3<f32>, white_point: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    let exposure_bias = 2.0;
-    let curr = uncharted2tonemap(color * exposure_bias);
-
-    // Valeur blanche maximale de référence
-    let white_scale = vec3(1.0) / uncharted2tonemap(vec3(white_point));
-    return curr * white_scale;
-}
-
-fn s(color: vec3<f32>, k: f32, c: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    return 1. / (1. + exp(-k * (color - c)));
-}
-
-fn contrast(color: vec3<f32>, k: f32, c: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    let color_c = s(color, k, c);
-
-    return (color_c - s(vec3<f32>(0), k, c)) / (s(vec3<f32>(1), k, c) - s(vec3<f32>(0), k, c));
-}
-
-// Surface normal from three height samples (`h0` at the pixel, `h1` one pixel
-// to the right, `h2` one pixel down), treating DE as a height field. Only the
-// differences matter, so callers don't need to pass pixel coordinates — a
-// texture-backed caller (colorize.wgsl) and a live-sampled caller
-// (mandelbrot.wgsl's export shadow path) can share this.
-fn normal_from_heights(h0: f32, h1: f32, h2: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    let d0 = vec3<f32>(0.0, 0.0, h0);
-    let d1 = vec3<f32>(1.0, 0.0, h1);
-    let d2 = vec3<f32>(0.0, 1.0, h2);
-    return normalize(cross(d1 - d0, d2 - d0));
-}
-
-// Shade a DE-derived surface normal per `u.shadow_palette_id`: 0 = grayscale
-// key light, 1 = red/blue two-tone, 2 = the user's custom `lights` list,
-// 3 = the classic escape-time palette at `ci` (the smoothed iteration count),
-// lit by the grayscale key light.
-// Shared by the interactive shadow pass (colorize.wgsl) and the PNG-export
-// shadow path (mandelbrot.wgsl's `fs_color`), which must render identically.
-fn shadow_color(normal: vec3<f32>, ci: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    var color: vec3<f32>;
-    if u.shadow_palette_id == 0u {
-        color = compute_light(normal, vec3<f32>(0.57735027, 0.57735027, 0.57735027)) + vec3<f32>(0.58, 0.85, 1.) * 0.2;
-
-        color = filmic(color, 2.5);
-        color = contrast(color, 4., 0.67);
-    } else if u.shadow_palette_id == 1u {
-        color = compute_light(normal, vec3<f32>(0., 0.70710678, 0.70710678)) * vec3<f32>(1., 0.5, 0.5) + compute_light(normal, vec3<f32>(0.70710678, 0., 0.70710678)) * vec3<f32>(0.5, 1., 1.);
-
-        color = filmic(color, 4.2);
-    } else if u.shadow_palette_id == 3u {
-        // No DE darkening as in `classic_color`: in shadow/3D modes the DE
-        // is a height (clamped to 1000, not 1), and the lighting already
-        // shows the relief.
-        let t = fract(ci * u.color_scale + u.color_offset);
-        let ambient = 0.25;
-        let light = compute_light(normal, vec3<f32>(0.57735027, 0.57735027, 0.57735027));
-        color = palette(u.palette_id, t) * (ambient + (1.0 - ambient) * light);
-    } else {
-        color = vec3<f32>(0);
-        let light_count = min(u.light_count, 16u);
-        for (var i = 0u; i < light_count; i++) {
-            let light_color = unpack4x8unorm(lights[i].color);
-            color += compute_light(normal, lights[i].dir) * light_color.xyz * light_color.a;
-        }
-
-        color = filmic(color, 1. + f32(light_count));
-    }
-    return color;
-}
-
-// Colour of an interior (non-escaped) pixel in shadow/3D modes: black under
-// the classic palette, like classic 2D mode, otherwise a dark gray plateau.
-fn shadow_interior_color() -> vec3<f32> {
-    if u.shadow_palette_id == 3u {
-        return vec3<f32>(0.0);
-    }
-    return vec3<f32>(0.1);
-}

src/shaders/mandelbrot.wgsl

@@ -12,25 +12,46 @@
 // the reference index to 0 and carry the full value as the new delta (valid
 // because X_0 = 0).
 
+struct Uniforms {
+    span: vec2<f32>,
+    max_iter: u32,
+    ref_len: u32,
+    color_offset: f32,
+    color_scale: f32,
+    bailout_sq: f32,
+    is_julia: u32,
+    palette_id: u32,
+    aa_level: u32,
+    // Iteration formula: 0 Mandelbrot, 1 Burning Ship, 2 Tricorn, 3 Multibrot.
+    kind: u32,
+    // Exponent for the Multibrot kind.
+    power: u32,
+    dc_offset: vec2<f32>,
+    // 0 = escape-time coloring, 1 = distance-estimation shading.
+    de_coloring: u32,
+    // 0 = per-iteration stepping, 1 = BLA iteration-skipping (square map only).
+    use_bla: u32,
+};
+
+// One merged linear step from the BLA table: e_{n+l} = A e + B dc, valid while
+// |e| < r. Matches the Rust `Bla` struct (24-byte std430 stride).
+struct Bla {
+    a: vec2<f32>,
+    b: vec2<f32>,
+    r: f32,
+    l: u32,
+};
+
+const KIND_MANDELBROT: u32 = 0u;
+const KIND_BURNING_SHIP: u32 = 1u;
+const KIND_TRICORN: u32 = 2u;
+const KIND_MULTIBROT: u32 = 3u;
+
 @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u: Uniforms;
 @group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> ref_orbit: array<vec2<f32>>;
-// Only read by `fs_color`'s shadow branch (custom-lights palette); the
+// BLA table, levels concatenated (level 0 first). Per-level counts are recomputed
-// iteration pass (`fs_data`) never touches it.
+// from `ref_len` exactly as the CPU builder laid them out.
-@group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> lights: array<Light, 16>;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> bla_table: array<Bla>;
-// Only read by the adaptive-AA refine pass (`fs_refine`): the 1-sample-per-
-// pixel data texture written by `fs_data`, which decides where to supersample.
-@group(1) @binding(0) var coarse_tex: texture_2d<f32>;
-
-// Pipeline-overridable specialization constants, set per pipeline from the
-// uniforms' `kind` / `is_julia` / `de_coloring` (see `PipelineKey` in
-// renderer.rs). Every per-iteration branch on them folds away at pipeline
-// creation, so the hot loop only contains the current kind's math instead of
-// testing all of them on every step. The matching uniform fields are still
-// uploaded (the layout is shared with colorize.wgsl) but this shader must read
-// these constants, never `u.kind` / `u.is_julia` / `u.de_coloring`.
-override KIND: u32 = 0u;
-override IS_JULIA: bool = false;
-override DE: bool = false;
 
 struct VsOut {
     @builtin(position) pos: vec4<f32>,
@@ -40,7 +61,12 @@ struct VsOut {
 
 @vertex
 fn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) idx: u32) -> VsOut {
-    let ndc = fullscreen_triangle_pos(idx);
+    var verts = array<vec2<f32>, 3>(
+        vec2<f32>(-1.0, -1.0),
+        vec2<f32>(3.0, -1.0),
+        vec2<f32>(-1.0, 3.0),
+    );
+    let ndc = verts[idx];
     var out: VsOut;
     out.pos = vec4<f32>(ndc, 0.0, 1.0);
     // Flip y so +imaginary points up the screen.
@@ -48,100 +74,60 @@ fn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) idx: u32) -> VsOut {
     return out;
 }
 
+// Complex multiply.
+fn cmul(a: vec2<f32>, b: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
+    return vec2<f32>(a.x * b.x - a.y * b.y, a.x * b.y + a.y * b.x);
+}
+
 // Complex conjugate.
 fn conj(a: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
     return vec2<f32>(a.x, -a.y);
 }
 
-// Complex division a / b.
-fn cdiv(a: vec2<f32>, b: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
-    let d = dot(b, b);
-    return vec2<f32>(a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y, a.y * b.x - a.x * b.y) / d;
-}
-
 // |c + d| - |c|, evaluated exactly (no catastrophic cancellation even when the
 // sum crosses zero). This is what makes the Burning Ship delta correct through
 // the sign flips that happen all along the axes, where the ship's detail lives.
 fn diffabs(c: f32, d: f32) -> f32 {
     let cd = c + d;
-    if c >= 0.0 {
+    if (c >= 0.0) {
         return select(-(2.0 * c + d), d, cd >= 0.0);
     }
     return select(-d, 2.0 * c + d, cd > 0.0);
 }
 
-// Perturbation delta for z -> z^p: (Z+e)^p - Z^p = e * sum_{k=0}^{p-1} (Z+e)^k Z^{p-1-k}.
+// Binomial coefficient C(n, k) as f32 (exact for the small powers we use).
-// The large z^p term is never formed (that would cancel catastrophically), and
+fn binom(n: u32, k: u32) -> f32 {
-// the sum is evaluated Horner-style (s <- s*(Z+e) + Z^j) so it needs neither a
+    var num = 1.0;
-// table of powers (a dynamically indexed local array spills to slow memory on
+    var den = 1.0;
-// most GPUs) nor binomial coefficients. Forming Z+e rounds e away when it's
+    for (var i: u32 = 0u; i < k; i = i + 1u) {
-// tiny, but that only perturbs `s` by a relative f32 epsilon, and the result
+        num = num * f32(n - i);
-// is `e * s`, so the delta keeps full relative precision.
+        den = den * f32(i + 1u);
+    }
+    return num / den;
+}
+
+// Perturbation delta for z -> z^p: sum_{k=1}^{p} C(p,k) Z^{p-k} e^k. Expanded so
+// the large z^p term is never formed (that would cancel catastrophically).
 fn multibrot_delta(z: vec2<f32>, e: vec2<f32>, p: u32) -> vec2<f32> {
-    let y = z + e;
+    var zp: array<vec2<f32>, 9>; // Z^0 .. Z^8
-    var s = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0);
+    zp[0] = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0);
-    var zj = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0);
+    for (var j: u32 = 1u; j <= p; j = j + 1u) {
-    for (var j: u32 = 1u; j < p; j = j + 1u) {
+        zp[j] = cmul(zp[j - 1u], z);
-        zj = cmul(zj, z); // Z^j
-        s = cmul(s, y) + zj;
     }
-    return cmul(e, s);
-}
-
-// Maximum number of terms in `complex_multibrot_delta`'s series (matches the
-// `cm_coef` uniform array: 8 vec4s = 16 complex coefficients). Truncation, not
-// exactness: unlike `multibrot_delta` (a finite sum for an integer power), a
-// complex power has no finite expansion, so this converges rather than
-// terminates. Fine as long as perturbation's usual invariant (|e| << |z|,
-// kept true by rebasing) holds, since each extra term is O(w^k) smaller.
-const COMPLEX_MULTIBROT_TERMS: u32 = 16u;
-
-// Complex binomial coefficient C(p, k), k in 1..=16, precomputed on the CPU
-// (they depend only on p; see `complex_binomials` in app.rs).
-fn cm_coef(k: u32) -> vec2<f32> {
-    let v = u.cm_coef[(k - 1u) / 2u];
-    return select(v.xy, v.zw, (k & 1u) == 0u);
-}
-
-// Perturbation delta for z -> z^p with a complex p: (Z+e)^p - Z^p.
-//
-// When |e| << |Z| (the common case: it's the whole reason perturbation
-// works), forming Z+e directly would round e away in f32, so instead expand
-// = Z^p * ((1+w)^p - 1), w = e/Z, as a Taylor series in w: (1+w)^p - 1 =
-// sum_{k=1}^N C(p,k) w^k. The series stops as soon as the next w^k is
-// negligible against the running sum (below f32 precision) — at deep zoom w
-// is tiny, so that's typically after 2-3 terms instead of all 16.
-//
-// Right after a rebase (or near a reference point close to zero, where w is
-// singular), e is *not* small relative to Z — that's normal perturbation
-// dynamics, not a deep-zoom edge case — and the series above would diverge.
-// But forming Z+e directly is numerically safe exactly there (e isn't many
-// orders of magnitude smaller than Z), so fall back to a plain subtraction.
-fn complex_multibrot_delta(z: vec2<f32>, e: vec2<f32>, p: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
-    // |w|^2 = |e|^2 / |Z|^2; inf or nan (Z ~ 0, or both ~ 0) correctly fails
-    // the `< 0.25` test below and falls through to the direct branch.
-    let w2 = dot(e, e) / dot(z, z);
-    if w2 < 0.25 {
-        let w = cdiv(e, z);
-        var wk = w; // w^1
     var acc = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-        for (var k: u32 = 1u; k <= COMPLEX_MULTIBROT_TERMS; k = k + 1u) {
+    var ek = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0); // e^0
-            acc = acc + cmul(cm_coef(k), wk);
+    for (var k: u32 = 1u; k <= p; k = k + 1u) {
-            wk = cmul(wk, w);
+        ek = cmul(ek, e); // e^k
-            if dot(wk, wk) < 1e-18 * dot(acc, acc) {
+        acc = acc + binom(p, k) * cmul(zp[p - k], ek);
-                break;
     }
-        }
+    return acc;
-        return cmul(cpow(z, p), acc);
-    }
-    return cpow(z + e, p) - cpow(z, p);
 }
 
 // One perturbation step of the current fractal's delta: e -> f(Z+e) - f(Z),
 // where `z` is the reference orbit value X_m. `step_add` (dc) is added by the
 // caller. Must match `FractalKind` on the CPU side.
 fn advance_delta(z: vec2<f32>, e: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
-    if KIND == KIND_BURNING_SHIP {
+    if (u.kind == KIND_BURNING_SHIP) {
         // (|x| + i|y|)^2 has real part x^2 - y^2 (an ordinary square delta) and
         // imaginary part 2|x y|. The imaginary delta is 2(|x y| - |X Y|); diffabs
         // computes it exactly, even where the product x y changes sign — which the
@@ -150,37 +136,14 @@ fn advance_delta(z: vec2<f32>, e: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
         let base = 2.0 * cmul(z, e) + cmul(e, e);
         let dp = z.x * e.y + z.y * e.x + e.x * e.y;
         return vec2<f32>(base.x, 2.0 * diffabs(z.x * z.y, dp));
-    } else if KIND == KIND_TRICORN {
+    } else if (u.kind == KIND_TRICORN) {
         let cz = conj(z);
         let ce = conj(e);
         return 2.0 * cmul(cz, ce) + cmul(ce, ce);
-    } else if KIND == KIND_MULTIBROT {
+    } else if (u.kind == KIND_MULTIBROT) {
         return multibrot_delta(z, e, clamp(u.power, 2u, 8u));
-    } else if KIND == KIND_CELTIC {
-        // z^2 delta split: sq.x = delta of Re(z^2), sq.y = delta of Im(z^2).
-        // Celtic abs the real output, so |Re(z^2)| delta = diffabs(Re(Z^2), sq.x).
-        let sq = 2.0 * cmul(z, e) + cmul(e, e);
-        return vec2<f32>(diffabs(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y, sq.x), sq.y);
-    } else if KIND == KIND_BUFFALO {
-        // Abs both outputs: real |Re(z^2)|, imag -|Im(z^2)| (Im(Z^2) = 2 X Y).
-        let sq = 2.0 * cmul(z, e) + cmul(e, e);
-        return vec2<f32>(diffabs(z.x * z.x - z.y * z.y, sq.x),
-                         -diffabs(2.0 * z.x * z.y, sq.y));
-    } else if KIND == KIND_PERPENDICULAR {
-        // real x^2 - y^2 (ordinary square delta), imag -2 x |y|.
-        // d(-2 x |y|) = -2[ X·(|Y+ey|-|Y|) + ex·|Y+ey| ]; diffabs gives |Y+ey|-|Y|.
-        let sq = 2.0 * cmul(z, e) + cmul(e, e);
-        let da = diffabs(z.y, e.y);        // |Y + ey| - |Y|
-        let abs_yf = abs(z.y) + da;        // |Y + ey|
-        return vec2<f32>(sq.x, -2.0 * (z.x * da + e.x * abs_yf));
-    } else if KIND == KIND_LAMBDA {
-        // Lambda map: z^{n+1} = λ·z·(1-z). Delta: e = λ·e·(1-2z-e).
-        let one_minus_2z_minus_e = vec2<f32>(1.0 - 2.0 * z.x - e.x, -2.0 * z.y - e.y);
-        return cmul(u.lambda_l, cmul(e, one_minus_2z_minus_e));
-    } else if KIND == KIND_COMPLEX_MULTIBROT {
-        return complex_multibrot_delta(z, e, u.complex_power);
     }
-    return 2.0 * cmul(z, e) + cmul(e, e); // Mandelbrot (and Phoenix square part)
+    return 2.0 * cmul(z, e) + cmul(e, e); // Mandelbrot
 }
 
 // Derivative f'(Z) of the iteration map at the full value Z, used to propagate
@@ -189,427 +152,217 @@ fn advance_delta(z: vec2<f32>, e: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
 // Burning Ship / Tricorn we use |f'| ~ |2Z|, which keeps the DE magnitude close
 // enough to de-speckle filaments.
 fn fprime(z: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
-    if KIND == KIND_MULTIBROT {
+    if (u.kind == KIND_MULTIBROT) {
         let p = clamp(u.power, 2u, 8u);
-        var zk = z; // Z^1
+        var zk = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0); // Z^0
-        for (var k: u32 = 2u; k < p; k = k + 1u) {
+        for (var k: u32 = 1u; k < p; k = k + 1u) {
             zk = cmul(zk, z); // -> Z^{p-1}
         }
         return f32(p) * zk;
-    } else if KIND == KIND_LAMBDA {
-        // Lambda: f'(z) = λ·(1-2z).
-        return cmul(u.lambda_l, vec2<f32>(1.0 - 2.0 * z.x, -2.0 * z.y));
-    } else if KIND == KIND_COMPLEX_MULTIBROT {
-        // f'(z) = p * z^(p-1).
-        return cmul(u.complex_power, cpow(z, u.complex_power - vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0)));
     }
     return 2.0 * z;
 }
 
-// Periodicity (interior) detection, Brent-style: the full orbit value is
+// Smooth cyclic palettes (Inigo Quilez cosine palettes), selected by id.
-// saved at iterations PERIOD_FIRST_CHECK, 2x that, 4x ..., and every later
+fn palette(id: u32, t: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
-// iterate is compared against the last saved one. Returning within
+    if (id == 4u) {
-// PERIOD_EPS2 (relative, squared) means the orbit has closed a cycle.
+        return vec3<f32>(t, t, t); // grayscale
-//
-// A close return alone isn't trusted. A pixel just *outside* the set (at a
-// minibrot's edge, or a cusp) can shadow a cycle for thousands of iterations
-// before escaping. So three safeguards apply, tuned against an f64 simulation
-// of this exact algorithm and f64 ground truth on cusp, bulb-contact,
-// minibrot-edge and deep seahorse views:
-// * Multiplier: |product of f'(z)|^2 over the steps since the save must be
-//   < PERIOD_MAX_MULT2, so the cycle it closed is clearly attracting. Plain
-//   "< 1" let near-parabolic exterior points (|multiplier| ~ 1) through at
-//   cusps; the margin fixes that.
-// * Confirmation: the contracting return must happen in
-//   PERIOD_CONFIRMATIONS consecutive windows, each twice as long as the
-//   last. Exterior orbits passing near the critical point can look strongly
-//   contracting for one window (seen: flagged at iteration 245, escaped at
-//   2275). A second, longer window rules that out.
-// * Tolerance: PERIOD_EPS2 is relative and near f32 precision.
-// Every kind here except Phoenix is
-// (piecewise) conformal, so |f'| from `fprime` is the exact local scale
-// factor, including the abs-folding kinds, whose folds are isometries.
-// Phoenix's two-term map would need a 2x2 Jacobian, so it's excluded. So is
-// Complex Multibrot without DE, where `fprime` would add a second `cpow`
-// (log/atan2/exp) per step for a check that rarely fires on its views.
-const PERIOD_FIRST_CHECK: u32 = 16u;
-const PERIOD_EPS2: f32 = 1e-12;
-const PERIOD_MAX_MULT2: f32 = 0.25;
-const PERIOD_CONFIRMATIONS: u32 = 2u;
-
-// Whether `iterate_sample` runs periodicity detection for this kind (folds to
-// a constant per pipeline).
-fn periodic_enabled() -> bool {
-    if KIND == KIND_PHOENIX {
-        return false;
     }
-    if KIND == KIND_COMPLEX_MULTIBROT && !DE {
+    let a = vec3<f32>(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
-        return false;
+    let b = vec3<f32>(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
+    var c = vec3<f32>(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    var d = vec3<f32>(0.00, 0.10, 0.20); // 0: amber / blue
+    if (id == 1u) {
+        d = vec3<f32>(0.00, 0.33, 0.67); // rainbow
+    } else if (id == 2u) {
+        d = vec3<f32>(0.30, 0.20, 0.20); // warm ember
+    } else if (id == 3u) {
+        c = vec3<f32>(1.0, 1.0, 0.5);
+        d = vec3<f32>(0.80, 0.90, 0.30); // lime / magenta
     }
-    return true;
+    return a + b * cos(6.28318530718 * (c * t + d));
 }
 
-// Escape data for one sample: `ci` is the (color-independent) palette parameter,
+// Result of a BLA lookup at an orbit index.
-// `de` the distance-estimate darkening factor in [0,1], `escaped` false for the
+struct Hop {
-// interior of the set. Splitting iteration from coloring lets a colour change be
+    found: bool,
-// remapped cheaply (see the colourise pass) without re-iterating.
+    a: vec2<f32>,
-struct Sample {
+    b: vec2<f32>,
-    ci: f32,
+    l: u32,
-    de: f32,
-    escaped: bool,
 };
 
-// Perturbation iterate a single sample. `offset` is the per-pixel offset in
+// Longest valid BLA skip starting at orbit index `n` for a delta of squared
-// complex units. For Mandelbrot it is the c-plane offset added every step (delta
+// magnitude `emag2`. Walks levels low->high, recomputing each level's flat-array
-// starts at 0); for Julia it is the z-plane offset that seeds the initial delta
+// start and count from `ref_len` (count[0] = ref_len-1, halving each level).
-// (c is fixed, so nothing is added per step).
+// Radii shrink with level and alignment is monotonic, so the valid levels form a
-fn iterate_sample(offset: vec2<f32>, px: f32) -> Sample {
+// prefix: we keep the last valid one and stop at the first that fails.
-    // Loop invariants, read once instead of on every iteration.
+fn bla_find(n: u32, emag2: f32) -> Hop {
-    let max_iter = u.max_iter;
+    var res: Hop;
-    let bailout_sq = u.bailout_sq;
+    res.found = false;
-    let ref_len = u.ref_len;
+
+    var start: u32 = 0u;
+    var count: u32 = u.ref_len - 1u;
+    var lv: u32 = 0u;
+    loop {
+        if (count == 0u) { break; }
+        let step = 1u << lv;
+        if ((n & (step - 1u)) != 0u) { break; } // n not aligned to this level
+        let idx = n >> lv;
+        if (idx >= count) { break; }            // run would exceed the orbit
+        let b = bla_table[start + idx];
+        if (emag2 >= b.r * b.r) { break; }       // delta too large: not valid
+        res.found = true;
+        res.a = b.a;
+        res.b = b.b;
+        res.l = b.l;
+        start = start + count;
+        count = count / 2u;
+        lv = lv + 1u;
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+// Perturbation iterate + color a single sample. `offset` is the per-pixel
+// offset in complex units. For Mandelbrot it is the c-plane offset added every
+// step (delta starts at 0); for Julia it is the z-plane offset that seeds the
+// initial delta (c is fixed, so nothing is added per step). Interior pixels
+// return black.
+fn shade(offset: vec2<f32>, px: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
     let z0 = ref_orbit[0]; // reference start (0 for Mandelbrot, center for Julia)
 
-    // Main cardioid / period-2 bulb bypass: those points never escape, so skip
-    // iterating them (they'd otherwise all burn the full max_iter). `offset` is
-    // relative to the reference center; the absolute c is recovered from the
-    // orbit itself, since X_1 = X_0^2 + C_ref = C_ref. That's only f32-accurate,
-    // so skip the test once a pixel is smaller than that error (deep zoom),
-    // where it could misclassify pixels right at the boundary.
-    if KIND == KIND_MANDELBROT && !IS_JULIA && ref_len > 1u && px > 1e-6 {
-        let c = ref_orbit[1] + offset;
-        let xq = c.x - 0.25;
-        let q = xq * xq + c.y * c.y;
-        let in_cardioid = q * (q + xq) <= 0.25 * c.y * c.y;
-        let xb = c.x + 1.0;
-        let in_bulb = xb * xb + c.y * c.y <= 0.0625;
-        if in_cardioid || in_bulb {
-            return Sample(0.0, 1.0, false); // interior of the set
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Set plane: delta starts at 0 and gains dc every step. Julia: the offset
-    // seeds the delta and nothing is added per step.
     var step_add = offset;
     var e = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    // Orbit derivative for distance estimation, pre-multiplied by the pixel
+    // Orbit derivative for distance estimation. For the set plane it is d/dc
-    // size `px`. For the set plane it is px·d/dc (starts at 0, gains +px each
+    // (starts at 0, gains +1 each step); for Julia it is d/dz0 (starts at 1).
-    // step); for Julia it is px·d/dz0 (starts at px). The raw derivative grows
+    var dz = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    // like 1/px, so unscaled its square overflows f32 at deep zoom (~1e-12),
+    var dz_seed = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0);
-    // which zeroed DE along iteration bands; scaled, it stays ~|z|ln|z| / DE
+    if (u.is_julia != 0u) {
-    // in pixels at any depth.
-    var dzs = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    if IS_JULIA {
         step_add = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
         e = offset;
-        dzs = vec2<f32>(px, 0.0);
+        dz = vec2<f32>(1.0, 0.0);
+        dz_seed = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
     }
-    // Previous-iterate state for the Phoenix two-term recurrence (delta of
-    // y_{n-1}, and its scaled derivative for DE). Both start at 0 (y_{-1} = 0).
-    var e_prev = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-    var dzs_prev = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
 
-    var m: u32 = 0u;              // reference index; invariant: y_n = xm + e, xm = X[m]
+    var m: u32 = 0u;              // reference index; invariant: y_n = X[m] + e
     var n: u32 = 0u;              // total iteration count
-    var xm = z0;                  // X[m], carried so each step loads the orbit once
+    var z = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);  // full value y_n, kept for coloring
-    var z = xm + e;               // full value y_n, kept for coloring
-    var z2 = dot(z, z);
     var escaped = false;
 
-    // Periodicity detection (see PERIOD_FIRST_CHECK): last saved orbit value,
-    // |f'|^2 product of the steps since it was saved, next save iteration.
-    let periodic = periodic_enabled();
-    // Plus whether this window already had a contracting return, and how many
-    // consecutive windows have.
-    var z_saved = z;
-    var mult2 = 1.0;
-    var check_at = PERIOD_FIRST_CHECK;
-    var period_hit = false;
-    var period_streak = 0u;
-
     loop {
-        if z2 > bailout_sq {
+        let xm = ref_orbit[m];
+        z = xm + e;
+
+        let z2 = dot(z, z);
+        if (z2 > u.bailout_sq) {
             escaped = true;
             break;
         }
-        if n >= max_iter {
+        if (n >= u.max_iter) {
             break; // interior
         }
 
+        // Advance one step, or skip a whole run via BLA when the delta is small
+        // enough (square map only; other kinds keep `use_bla == 0`). The orbit
+        // derivative for DE follows the same linear map: over a run it advances
+        // by the run's own (A, B) coefficients, matching the per-step recurrence.
+        var did_skip = false;
+        if (u.use_bla != 0u) {
+            let hop = bla_find(m, dot(e, e));
+            if (hop.found) {
+                if (u.de_coloring != 0u) {
+                    dz = cmul(hop.a, dz) + cmul(hop.b, dz_seed);
+                }
+                e = cmul(hop.a, e) + cmul(hop.b, step_add);
+                m = m + hop.l;
+                n = n + hop.l;
+                did_skip = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!did_skip) {
             // Propagate the derivative of the full orbit (unaffected by rebasing,
             // which only re-expresses the same value). Only when DE is enabled.
-        // Phoenix's two-term map adds p·dz_{n-1} and carries the previous dz.
+            if (u.de_coloring != 0u) {
-        // f'(z) of this step, shared by DE and the periodicity multiplier.
+                dz = cmul(fprime(z), dz) + dz_seed;
-        var fp = vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0);
-        if DE || periodic {
-            fp = fprime(z);
             }
-        if periodic {
-            mult2 = mult2 * dot(fp, fp);
-        }
-        if DE {
-            var dzs_new = cmul(fp, dzs);
-            if !IS_JULIA {
-                dzs_new.x = dzs_new.x + px;
-            }
-            if KIND == KIND_PHOENIX {
-                dzs_new = dzs_new + cmul(u.phoenix_p, dzs_prev);
-                dzs_prev = dzs;
-            }
-            dzs = dzs_new;
-        }
-
             // Advance the delta by this fractal's formula (+ dc for the set plane).
-        // Phoenix additionally adds p·e_{n-1} and carries the previous delta.
-        let e_old = e;
-        let z_old = z;
             e = advance_delta(xm, e) + step_add;
-        if KIND == KIND_PHOENIX {
-            e = e + cmul(u.phoenix_p, e_prev);
-            e_prev = e_old;
-        }
             m = m + 1u;
             n = n + 1u;
+        }
 
         // Keep the reference index valid and the delta small.
-        if m >= ref_len {
+        if (m >= u.ref_len) {
             // Reference exhausted: any pixel that followed it this far has
             // effectively escaped (interior pixels rebase before reaching here).
-            z = xm + e;
+            z = ref_orbit[u.ref_len - 1u] + e;
             escaped = true;
             break;
         }
-        xm = ref_orbit[m];
+        let y = ref_orbit[m] + e;
-        z = xm + e;
+        if (dot(y, y) < dot(e, e)) {
-        z2 = dot(z, z);
-        if z2 < dot(e, e) {
             // Rebase to index 0: carry the full value as the new delta. Valid
-            // because y_n = X[0] + (y_n - X[0]); for Mandelbrot X[0]=0. The
+            // because y_n = X[0] + (y_n - X[0]); for Mandelbrot X[0]=0.
-            // full value `z` (and `z2`) is unchanged by the re-expression.
+            e = y - z0;
-            // Phoenix: after rebasing the implied previous reference is Y[-1]=0,
-            // so the previous delta becomes the full previous value y_{n-1}.
-            if KIND == KIND_PHOENIX {
-                e_prev = z_old;
-            }
-            e = z - z0;
-            xm = z0;
             m = 0u;
         }
-
-        if periodic {
-            // Closed an attracting cycle in enough consecutive windows:
-            // interior (see PERIOD_FIRST_CHECK).
-            let d = z - z_saved;
-            if !period_hit && mult2 < PERIOD_MAX_MULT2 && dot(d, d) <= PERIOD_EPS2 * z2 {
-                period_hit = true;
-                period_streak = period_streak + 1u;
-                if period_streak >= PERIOD_CONFIRMATIONS {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if n == check_at {
-                if !period_hit {
-                    period_streak = 0u;
-                }
-                period_hit = false;
-                z_saved = z;
-                mult2 = 1.0;
-                check_at = check_at * 2u;
-            }
-        }
     }
 
-    if !escaped {
+    if (!escaped) {
-        return Sample(0.0, 1.0, false); // interior of the set
+        return vec3<f32>(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); // interior of the set
     }
 
-    // Both escape formulas below (smooth count, DE) assume |f(z)| ~ |z|^2 near
+    let z2 = dot(z, z);
-    // escape. Lambda's λz(1-z) + c ~ -λz^2 adds a factor |λ| per step, which
-    // made both jump at every band boundary (contour lines in shadow/3D).
-    // w = -λz conjugates it to an exact w^2 + C, so measure |w| and |dw|.
-    var dzs_esc = dzs;
-    if KIND == KIND_LAMBDA {
-        z = cmul(u.lambda_l, z);
-        dzs_esc = cmul(u.lambda_l, dzs);
-    }
-    z2 = dot(z, z);
 
     // Continuous (smooth) iteration count.
     let log_zn = 0.5 * log(max(z2, 1.0));
-    let nu = log2(log_zn * INV_LN2);
+    let nu = log2(log_zn / log(2.0));
     let smooth_i = f32(n) + 1.0 - nu;
 
     // sqrt compresses the huge iteration counts of deep zooms so the palette
     // varies smoothly instead of aliasing into speckle.
     let ci = sqrt(max(smooth_i, 0.0));
+    let t = fract(ci * u.color_scale + u.color_offset);
+    var col = palette(u.palette_id, t);
 
-    var de = 1.0;
+    if (u.de_coloring != 0u) {
-    if DE {
+        // Exterior distance estimate (complex-plane units): |z|·ln|z| / |dz|.
-        // Exterior distance estimate |z|·ln|z| / |dz|, already in pixels since
+        // Divided by the pixel footprint it becomes a distance in pixels; we
-        // `dzs` = px·dz. We darken toward the boundary (< ~1 px away) so
+        // darken toward the boundary (< ~1 px away) so filaments stay crisp
-        // filaments stay crisp instead of aliasing into speckle. If |dzs|
+        // instead of aliasing into speckle. If |dz| overflowed, de -> 0 and the
-        // overflowed (far sub-pixel from the set), de -> 0 and the boundary
+        // boundary simply reads as dark, which is the correct limit.
-        // simply reads as dark, which is the correct limit.
         let zmag = sqrt(max(z2, 1.0));
-        let dzmag = sqrt(max(dot(dzs_esc, dzs_esc), 1e-30));
+        let dzmag = sqrt(max(dot(dz, dz), 1e-20));
-        let max_de = select(1.0, 1000.0, u.shadow != 0u);
+        let de = zmag * log(zmag) / dzmag;
-        de = clamp(zmag * log(zmag) / dzmag, 0.0, max_de);
+        let de_px = de / max(px, 1e-30);
+        col = col * clamp(de_px, 0.0, 1.0);
     }
-    return Sample(ci, de, true);
+    return col;
 }
 
-// 1 / ln(2), for the smooth iteration count's log2(ln|z| / ln 2).
-const INV_LN2: f32 = 1.4426950408889634;
-
-// Map a sample's escape data through the palette (+ DE darkening). This is the
-// only color-dependent step, so it can be redone without re-iterating. Interior
-// samples are black.
-fn color_sample(s: Sample) -> vec3<f32> {
-    if !s.escaped {
-        return vec3<f32>(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    }
-    return classic_color(s.ci, s.de);
-}
-
-// Supersampled escape data at one point: average (ci, DE factor) over an
-// `aa`×`aa` grid's escaped sub-samples, plus the fraction that landed in the
-// interior. Shared by `fs_data` (1 sample), `fs_refine` (the AA grid, only on
-// pixels that need it) and `fs_color`'s shadow branch (used both at the pixel
-// and at its two neighbours, to build a DE height field without a texture
-// round-trip).
-fn aggregate_sample(base: vec2<f32>, dx: vec2<f32>, dy: vec2<f32>, px: f32, aa: u32) -> vec3<f32> {
-    let inv = 1.0 / f32(aa);
-    var ci_sum = 0.0;
-    var de_sum = 0.0;
-    var escaped_n = 0u;
-    for (var sy: u32 = 0u; sy < aa; sy = sy + 1u) {
-        for (var sx: u32 = 0u; sx < aa; sx = sx + 1u) {
-            let jx = (f32(sx) + 0.5) * inv - 0.5;
-            let jy = (f32(sy) + 0.5) * inv - 0.5;
-            let s = iterate_sample(base + jx * dx + jy * dy, px);
-            if s.escaped {
-                ci_sum = ci_sum + s.ci;
-                de_sum = de_sum + s.de;
-                escaped_n = escaped_n + 1u;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    let total = f32(aa * aa);
-    let ci_avg = select(0.0, ci_sum / f32(escaped_n), escaped_n > 0u);
-    let de_avg = select(1.0, de_sum / f32(escaped_n), escaped_n > 0u);
-    let interior_frac = 1.0 - f32(escaped_n) / total;
-    return vec3<f32>(ci_avg, de_avg, interior_frac);
-}
-
-// Pixel footprint in complex units, |(|dx| + |dy|)|. Not `length()` directly:
-// that squares its argument, and below ~1e-19 per pixel (half-height ~1e-16,
-// sooner for the 2x-resolution 3D texture) the square drops under f32's
-// smallest normal and flushes to 0, making px = 0 and DE meaningless.
-// Normalizing by the largest component first keeps the square near 1.
-fn pixel_size(dx: vec2<f32>, dy: vec2<f32>) -> f32 {
-    let a = abs(dx) + abs(dy);
-    let m = max(a.x, a.y);
-    if m == 0.0 {
-        return 0.0;
-    }
-    return m * length(a / m);
-}
-
-// Iteration pass: write per-pixel escape data (color-independent) so a colour
-// change is remapped by the cheap colourise pass without re-iterating.
-//   R = ci (palette parameter), G = DE factor, B = interior fraction (for AA).
-// Always one sample per pixel: anti-aliasing is added afterwards, only where
-// it matters, by `fs_refine`.
 @fragment
-fn fs_data(in: VsOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+fn fs_main(in: VsOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     let base = in.centered * u.span + u.dc_offset;
+
+    // Screen-space complex-units-per-pixel. Derivatives must be evaluated in
+    // uniform control flow, so take them here; used to place sub-pixel AA
+    // samples and to convert the distance estimate into pixels.
     let dx = dpdx(base);
     let dy = dpdy(base);
-    let px = pixel_size(dx, dy);
+    let px = length(abs(dx) + abs(dy)); // ~ complex units per pixel (footprint)
 
-    return vec4<f32>(aggregate_sample(base, dx, dy, px, 1u), 1.0);
-}
-
-// Adaptive-AA thresholds for `fs_refine`: a pixel is supersampled only if a
-// 4-neighbour's 1-spp sample differs from its own by more than this. `ci`
-// steps are palette-phase steps of `ci * color_scale` (color_scale <= 1 in the
-// UI), so 0.02 keeps anything visibly banded; DE is compared relative to its
-// own magnitude (it's in pixels, up to 1000 for shadow/3D height fields).
-const AA_CI_EPS: f32 = 0.02;
-const AA_DE_EPS: f32 = 0.1;
-
-fn aa_differs(c: vec4<f32>, n: vec4<f32>) -> bool {
-    if c.b != n.b {
-        return true; // interior / exterior boundary
-    }
-    if c.b != 0.0 {
-        return false; // both interior: uniformly black
-    }
-    return abs(n.r - c.r) > AA_CI_EPS || abs(n.g - c.g) > AA_DE_EPS * max(c.g, 0.1);
-}
-
-// Adaptive anti-aliasing pass (only run when AA is on): reads `fs_data`'s
-// 1-spp texture and re-iterates the full AA grid only for pixels whose
-// neighbourhood isn't smooth (set boundary, filaments, palette discontinuities).
-// Everywhere else the centre sample already equals the grid average to within
-// the thresholds above, so it's copied — which skips the AA cost entirely for
-// the interior (the most expensive pixels, each burning max_iter) and for the
-// smooth exterior.
-@fragment
-fn fs_refine(in: VsOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
-    // Derivatives first, while control flow is still uniform.
-    let base = in.centered * u.span + u.dc_offset;
-    let dx = dpdx(base);
-    let dy = dpdy(base);
-    let px = pixel_size(dx, dy);
-
-    let p = vec2<i32>(in.pos.xy);
-    let hi = vec2<i32>(textureDimensions(coarse_tex)) - vec2<i32>(1, 1);
-    let c = textureLoad(coarse_tex, p, 0);
-    let l = textureLoad(coarse_tex, max(p - vec2<i32>(1, 0), vec2<i32>(0, 0)), 0);
-    let r = textureLoad(coarse_tex, min(p + vec2<i32>(1, 0), hi), 0);
-    let t = textureLoad(coarse_tex, max(p - vec2<i32>(0, 1), vec2<i32>(0, 0)), 0);
-    let b = textureLoad(coarse_tex, min(p + vec2<i32>(0, 1), hi), 0);
-    if aa_differs(c, l) || aa_differs(c, r) || aa_differs(c, t) || aa_differs(c, b) {
-        return vec4<f32>(aggregate_sample(base, dx, dy, px, max(u.aa_level, 1u)), 1.0);
-    }
-    return c;
-}
-
-// Combined iterate + colour in a single pass, for PNG export (which never needs
-// incremental recolouring). The interactive path uses fs_data (+ fs_refine) +
-// the colourise pass so colour changes skip iteration. Export always runs the
-// full AA grid on every pixel, for maximum quality.
-@fragment
-fn fs_color(in: VsOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
-    let base = in.centered * u.span + u.dc_offset;
-    let dx = dpdx(base);
-    let dy = dpdy(base);
-    let px = pixel_size(dx, dy);
     let aa = max(u.aa_level, 1u);
-
+    if (aa <= 1u) {
-    if u.shadow != 0u {
+        return vec4<f32>(shade(base, px), 1.0);
-        // No data texture to sample neighbours from (this pass never runs
-        // one), so build the same DE height field colorize.wgsl reads from
-        // the texture by aggregating live, at the pixel and its two
-        // neighbours a `dx`/`dy` step away.
-        let here = aggregate_sample(base, dx, dy, px, aa);
-        if here.z != 0.0 {
-            return vec4<f32>(shadow_interior_color(), 1.0);
-        }
-        let right = aggregate_sample(base + dx, dx, dy, px, aa);
-        let down = aggregate_sample(base + dy, dx, dy, px, aa);
-        let normal = normal_from_heights(here.y, right.y, down.y);
-        return vec4<f32>(shadow_color(normal, here.x), 1.0);
     }
 
-    let inv = 1.0 / f32(aa);
     var acc = vec3<f32>(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let inv = 1.0 / f32(aa);
     for (var sy: u32 = 0u; sy < aa; sy = sy + 1u) {
         for (var sx: u32 = 0u; sx < aa; sx = sx + 1u) {
+            // Sample centers evenly spread across the pixel, jitter in (-0.5, 0.5).
             let jx = (f32(sx) + 0.5) * inv - 0.5;
             let jy = (f32(sy) + 0.5) * inv - 0.5;
-            acc = acc + color_sample(iterate_sample(base + jx * dx + jy * dy, px));
+            acc = acc + shade(base + jx * dx + jy * dy, px);
         }
     }
     return vec4<f32>(acc / f32(aa * aa), 1.0);

src/view.rs

@@ -58,11 +58,6 @@ impl ViewState {
         DEFAULT_HALF_HEIGHT / self.half_height
     }
 
-    /// Current zoom level.
-    pub fn zoom(&self) -> f64 {
-        self.half_height
-    }
-
     /// Bits of precision the center currently needs for this zoom level.
     pub fn precision_bits(&self) -> usize {
         precision_for(self.half_height)
@@ -87,7 +82,7 @@ impl ViewState {
         let bits = self.precision_bits();
         // Grab-and-drag: moving the mouse right shows content to the left.
         self.center_re = &self.center_re - &big_from_f64(dx * cpp, bits);
-        self.center_im = &self.center_im - &big_from_f64(dy * cpp, bits);
+        self.center_im = &self.center_im - &big_from_f64(dy * cpp, bits); // y-down -> imag-up
     }
 
     /// Zoom by `factor` (<1 zooms in) keeping the complex point currently under
@@ -102,7 +97,7 @@ impl ViewState {
         // off * cpp * (1 - factor). (Derivation: new_c = fixed + (c-fixed)*f.)
         let k = cpp * (1.0 - factor);
         self.center_re = &self.center_re + &big_from_f64(off_x * k, bits);
-        self.center_im = &self.center_im + &big_from_f64(off_y * k, bits);
+        self.center_im = &self.center_im + &big_from_f64(off_y * k, bits); // y flip
         self.half_height *= factor;
     }
 
@@ -125,86 +120,6 @@ pub fn big_from_decimal_str(s: &str, bits: usize) -> Option<Big> {
     Some(dec.with_base_and_precision::<2>(bits.max(53)).value())
 }
 
-/// Parse a "re,im,half_height[,iterations]" spec (re/im decimal, parsed at
-/// full precision) into a view and an optional iteration count. Shared by
-/// `FractalApp::apply_view_spec` (the `--view` CLI flag) and headless
-/// animation's `--to-view`.
-pub fn parse_view_spec(spec: &str) -> Option<(ViewState, Option<u32>)> {
-    let parts: Vec<&str> = spec.split(',').collect();
-    if parts.len() < 3 {
-        return None;
-    }
-    let half_height = parts[2].trim().parse::<f64>().ok()?;
-    if !(half_height > 0.0 && half_height.is_finite()) {
-        return None;
-    }
-    let bits = precision_for(half_height);
-    let re = big_from_decimal_str(parts[0], bits)?;
-    let im = big_from_decimal_str(parts[1], bits)?;
-    let iterations = parts.get(3).and_then(|s| s.trim().parse::<u32>().ok());
-    Some((ViewState::with_center(re, im, half_height), iterations))
-}
-
-/// Parse a half_height spec. Shared by
-/// `FractalApp::apply_half_height_spec` (the `--zoom` CLI flag) and headless
-/// animation's `--to-zoom`.
-pub fn parse_half_height_spec(spec: &str) -> Option<f64> {
-    let half_height = spec.trim().parse::<f64>().ok()?;
-    if !(half_height > 0.0 && half_height.is_finite()) {
-        return None;
-    }
-    Some(half_height)
-}
-/// Parse a "re,im" spec (re/im decimal, parsed at
-/// full precision) into a view. Shared by
-/// `FractalApp::apply_re_im_spec` (the `--position` CLI flag) and headless
-/// animation's `--to-position`.
-pub fn parse_re_im_spec(spec: &str, bits: usize) -> Option<(Big, Big)> {
-    let parts: Vec<&str> = spec.split(',').collect();
-    if parts.len() != 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-    let re = big_from_decimal_str(parts[0], bits)?;
-    let im = big_from_decimal_str(parts[1], bits)?;
-    Some((re, im))
-}
-
-/// Interpolate between two views for an animation frame, `t` in `[0, 1]`.
-/// The half-height interpolates geometrically (log-linear), since zoom depth
-/// spans many decades and a linear sweep would crawl at the start and blow
-/// past the target at the end. The center has to shrink its offset from the
-/// target at that *same* geometric rate: blending it linearly in `t` instead
-/// barely moves it while the view is still huge (early frames), so the
-/// target stays effectively off-screen — offset/half_height ratio blows up —
-/// for nearly the whole animation, and only lands on `to`'s center in the
-/// literal last frame where `t == 1` forces an exact match. `g(t)` below
-/// tracks the same `q^t` decay used for `half_height` (keeping the
-/// offset/half_height ratio roughly constant, i.e. the target's on-screen
-/// position steady) but is shifted so it lands on exactly 1 at `t = 0` and
-/// exactly 0 at `t = 1`.
-pub fn interpolate_view(from: &ViewState, to: &ViewState, t: f64) -> ViewState {
-    let q = to.half_height / from.half_height;
-    let half_height = from.half_height * q.powf(t);
-    let bits = precision_for(half_height);
-    let g = if (q - 1.0).abs() < 1e-12 {
-        1.0 - t
-    } else {
-        (q.powf(t) - q) / (1.0 - q)
-    };
-    let g_big = big_from_f64(g, bits);
-    let re0 = from.center_re.clone().with_precision(bits).value();
-    let im0 = from.center_im.clone().with_precision(bits).value();
-    let re1 = to.center_re.clone().with_precision(bits).value();
-    let im1 = to.center_im.clone().with_precision(bits).value();
-    let center_re = &re1 + &(&(&re0 - &re1) * &g_big);
-    let center_im = &im1 + &(&(&im0 - &im1) * &g_big);
-    ViewState::with_center(center_re, center_im, half_height)
-}
-
-pub fn interpolate_f64(from: f64, to: f64, t: f64) -> f64 {
-    from + (to - from) * t
-}
-
 /// Render a `Big` as a decimal string with `sig_digits` significant digits.
 pub fn big_to_decimal_str(x: &Big, sig_digits: usize) -> String {
     let dec = x
@@ -234,64 +149,3 @@ pub fn big_from_f64(x: f64, bits: usize) -> Big {
         .with_precision(bits)
         .value()
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn re_im_f64(v: &ViewState) -> (f64, f64) {
-        let re: f64 = v.center_re.to_decimal().value().to_f64().value();
-        let im: f64 = v.center_im.to_decimal().value().to_f64().value();
-        (re, im)
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn interpolate_view_hits_exact_endpoints() {
-        let bits = precision_for(1.0);
-        let from = ViewState::with_center(big_from_f64(-0.5, bits), big_from_f64(0.0, bits), 1.5);
-        let to = ViewState::with_center(
-            big_from_f64(-0.7515, precision_for(1e-20)),
-            big_from_f64(0.1013, precision_for(1e-20)),
-            1e-20,
-        );
-
-        let start = interpolate_view(&from, &to, 0.0);
-        assert_eq!(re_im_f64(&start), re_im_f64(&from));
-        assert_eq!(start.half_height, from.half_height);
-
-        let end = interpolate_view(&from, &to, 1.0);
-        assert_eq!(re_im_f64(&end), re_im_f64(&to));
-        assert_eq!(end.half_height, to.half_height);
-    }
-
-    /// Regression test: a deep zoom's center used to be blended linearly in
-    /// `t` while `half_height` shrank geometrically, so partway through the
-    /// animation the offset from the target would already be far larger than
-    /// the (tiny, geometrically-shrunk) view — the target only snapped into
-    /// frame on the very last frame. The offset/half_height ratio should
-    /// instead stay roughly bounded throughout.
-    #[test]
-    fn interpolate_view_keeps_target_offset_bounded() {
-        let bits = precision_for(1.0);
-        let from = ViewState::with_center(big_from_f64(-0.5, bits), big_from_f64(0.0, bits), 1.5);
-        let to = ViewState::with_center(
-            big_from_f64(-0.7515, precision_for(1e-20)),
-            big_from_f64(0.1013, precision_for(1e-20)),
-            1e-20,
-        );
-        let (to_re, to_im) = re_im_f64(&to);
-
-        for i in 1..10 {
-            let t = i as f64 / 10.0;
-            let mid = interpolate_view(&from, &to, t);
-            let (re, im) = re_im_f64(&mid);
-            let offset = ((re - to_re).powi(2) + (im - to_im).powi(2)).sqrt();
-            let ratio = offset / mid.half_height;
-            assert!(
-                ratio < 10.0,
-                "t={t}: offset/half_height ratio {ratio} blew up (offset={offset}, half_height={})",
-                mid.half_height
-            );
-        }
-    }
-}

src/worker.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender, TryRecvError, channel};
 use std::thread;
 
-use crate::fractal::{FractalKind, compute_reference, compute_set_reference};
+use crate::fractal::{Bla, FractalKind, build_bla_table, compute_reference, compute_set_reference};
 use crate::view::{Big, big_from_f64};
 
 pub struct RefRequest {
@@ -22,12 +22,10 @@ pub struct RefRequest {
     pub precision: usize,
     pub kind: FractalKind,
     pub power: u32,
-    /// Distortion constant for the Phoenix map (ignored by other kinds).
+    /// Build the BLA iteration-skip table for this orbit (square map only).
-    pub phoenix_p: (f64, f64),
+    pub build_bla: bool,
-    /// Distortion constant for the Lambda map (ignored by other kinds).
+    /// Upper bound on any pixel's `|dc|`, sizing the BLA merge radii.
-    pub lambda_l: (f64, f64),
+    pub dc_max: f64,
-    /// Complex exponent for the Complex Multibrot kind (ignored by other kinds).
-    pub complex_power: (f64, f64),
 }
 
 pub struct RefResult {
@@ -35,6 +33,7 @@ pub struct RefResult {
     pub center_im: Big,
     pub half_height: f64,
     pub points: Vec<[f32; 2]>,
+    pub bla: Vec<Bla>,
 }
 
 pub struct RefWorker {
@@ -62,12 +61,18 @@ impl RefWorker {
                     }
 
                     let points = compute(&req);
+                    let bla = if req.build_bla {
+                        build_bla_table(&points, req.dc_max)
+                    } else {
+                        Vec::new()
+                    };
                     if res_tx
                         .send(RefResult {
                             center_re: req.center_re,
                             center_im: req.center_im,
                             half_height: req.half_height,
                             points,
+                            bla,
                         })
                         .is_err()
                     {
@@ -107,9 +112,6 @@ fn compute(req: &RefRequest) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
             req.precision,
             req.kind,
             req.power,
-            req.phoenix_p,
-            req.lambda_l,
-            req.complex_power,
         )
     } else {
         compute_set_reference(
@@ -119,9 +121,6 @@ fn compute(req: &RefRequest) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
             req.precision,
             req.kind,
             req.power,
-            req.phoenix_p,
-            req.lambda_l,
-            req.complex_power,
         )
     }
 }

tests/shader_valid.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! shader with the same `naga` version wgpu uses — catching shader errors
 //! without needing a GPU or a display.
 
-fn validate(name: &str, src: &str) -> (naga::Module, naga::valid::ModuleInfo) {
+fn validate(name: &str, src: &str) {
     let module = match naga::front::wgsl::parse_str(src) {
         Ok(m) => m,
         Err(e) => panic!("{name}: WGSL parse error:\n{}", e.emit_to_string(src)),
@@ -12,139 +12,20 @@ fn validate(name: &str, src: &str) -> (naga::Module, naga::valid::ModuleInfo) {
         naga::valid::ValidationFlags::all(),
         naga::valid::Capabilities::all(),
     );
-    match validator.validate(&module) {
+    if let Err(e) = validator.validate(&module) {
-        Ok(info) => (module, info),
+        panic!("{name}: WGSL validation error:\n{}", e.emit_to_string(src));
-        Err(e) => panic!("{name}: WGSL validation error:\n{}", e.emit_to_string(src)),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Number of fractal kinds, i.e. the `const KIND_*` declarations in
-/// common.wgsl (one per `FractalKind` variant, values 0..N).
-fn kind_count() -> u32 {
-    let n = include_str!("../src/shaders/common.wgsl")
-        .lines()
-        .filter(|l| l.starts_with("const KIND_"))
-        .count() as u32;
-    assert!(n >= 10, "found only {n} KIND_* constants in common.wgsl");
-    n
-}
-
-/// Specialize `module`'s `override`s with `constants` for `entry_point` (as
-/// wgpu does at pipeline creation) and compile the result to SPIR-V, so a
-/// shader that only breaks once a particular override value folds a branch
-/// in or out is still caught.
-fn specialize(
-    name: &str,
-    module: &naga::Module,
-    info: &naga::valid::ModuleInfo,
-    stage: naga::ShaderStage,
-    entry_point: &str,
-    constants: &[(&str, f64)],
-) {
-    let mut pc = naga::back::PipelineConstants::default();
-    for (k, v) in constants {
-        pc.insert((*k).to_string(), *v);
-    }
-    let (module, info) = naga::back::pipeline_constants::process_overrides(
-        module,
-        info,
-        Some((stage, entry_point)),
-        &pc,
-    )
-    .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{name} {entry_point} {constants:?}: override error: {e:?}"));
-    let pipeline = naga::back::spv::PipelineOptions {
-        shader_stage: stage,
-        entry_point: entry_point.to_string(),
-    };
-    naga::back::spv::write_vec(
-        &module,
-        &info,
-        &naga::back::spv::Options::default(),
-        Some(&pipeline),
-    )
-    .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{name} {entry_point} {constants:?}: SPIR-V error: {e:?}"));
-}
-
-const MANDELBROT_SRC: &str = concat!(
-    include_str!("../src/shaders/common.wgsl"),
-    include_str!("../src/shaders/iterate_uniforms.wgsl"),
-    include_str!("../src/shaders/mandelbrot.wgsl"),
-);
-
-#[test]
-fn mandelbrot_shader_is_valid() {
-    validate("mandelbrot.wgsl", MANDELBROT_SRC);
-}
-
-/// Every specialization renderer.rs can build (`PipelineKey`: kind × Julia ×
-/// DE), for every fragment entry point.
-#[test]
-fn mandelbrot_shader_specializations_compile() {
-    let (module, info) = validate("mandelbrot.wgsl", MANDELBROT_SRC);
-    for kind in 0..kind_count() {
-        for julia in [0.0, 1.0] {
-            for de in [0.0, 1.0] {
-                let constants = [("KIND", kind as f64), ("IS_JULIA", julia), ("DE", de)];
-                for entry in ["fs_data", "fs_refine", "fs_color"] {
-                    specialize(
-                        "mandelbrot.wgsl",
-                        &module,
-                        &info,
-                        naga::ShaderStage::Fragment,
-                        entry,
-                        &constants,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
     }
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn colorize_shader_is_valid() {
+fn mandelbrot_shader_is_valid() {
     validate(
-        "colorize.wgsl",
+        "mandelbrot.wgsl",
-        concat!(
+        include_str!("../src/shaders/mandelbrot.wgsl"),
-            include_str!("../src/shaders/common.wgsl"),
-            include_str!("../src/shaders/iterate_uniforms.wgsl"),
-            include_str!("../src/shaders/colorize.wgsl"),
-        ),
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn blit_shader_is_valid() {
-    validate(
+    validate("blit.wgsl", include_str!("../src/shaders/blit.wgsl"));
-        "blit.wgsl",
-        concat!(
-            include_str!("../src/shaders/common.wgsl"),
-            include_str!("../src/shaders/blit.wgsl"),
-        ),
-    );
-}
-
-const BUDDHABROT_SRC: &str = concat!(
-    include_str!("../src/shaders/common.wgsl"),
-    include_str!("../src/shaders/buddhabrot.wgsl"),
-);
-
-#[test]
-fn buddhabrot_shader_is_valid() {
-    validate("buddhabrot.wgsl", BUDDHABROT_SRC);
-}
-
-/// Every per-kind accumulation pipeline buddhabrot.rs can build.
-#[test]
-fn buddhabrot_shader_specializations_compile() {
-    let (module, info) = validate("buddhabrot.wgsl", BUDDHABROT_SRC);
-    for kind in 0..kind_count() {
-        specialize(
-            "buddhabrot.wgsl",
-            &module,
-            &info,
-            naga::ShaderStage::Compute,
-            "cs_main",
-            &[("KIND", kind as f64)],
-        );
-    }
 }